Geral,Sexualidade.Contracepçao..Gravidez,ciclo ovarico,Infertilidade

O HOMEM E A MULHER

Será a mulher originária da costela de Adão como daria a entender uma interpretação literal  da Bíblia? Certamente que não

Como acentua LEONARDO BOFF trata-se de uma tradução errada do hebraico pois a palavra correcta deveria ser lado .Tratar-se-á de uma metáfora. Eva ao ter saído do lado de Adão surge assim como sua interlocutora, como sua companheira, sendo uma só carne (Gen.I 27)

A humanidade realiza-se  sempre sob a forma de homem e mulher (BOFF) numa comunidade de vida e de amor.

São as interrelações desta comunidade que iremos analisar nos próximos capítulos.

SEXUALIDADE E GENITALIDADE

É comum a confusão entre sexual e genital. Todavia, não se trata de sinónimos e é fundamental compreender a diferença entre estes dois termos.

Podemos definir como sexual todo o conjunto de reacções, sentimentos e atitudes que diferenciam o homem da mulher. Quer dizer, é-se sexuado não nos órgãos genitais, mas em toda a personalidade, psicologia, constituição física, afectividade, etc.

A sexualidade torna-se assim uma modalidade de ser da espécie humana (BROUILLET). Compreende-se que a sexualidade impregne toda a vida pois é uma modalidade, uma maneira de viver a vida humana à maneira de um homem ou à maneira de um mulher conforme se é homem ou mulher (BROUILLET).

Como acentua CHAUCHARD, “o protótipo do ser humano não é nem o homem nem a mulher. Há duas maneira de ser iguais e complementares”. “Uma sociedade só será equilibrada se todas as suas actividades humanas forem realizadas femininamente pelas mulheres e virilmente pelos homens”. Os dois seres são incompletos, completam-se um ao outro.

A sexualidade é o nosso modo de ser humano, o modo de nos inserirmos na sociedade para as relações inter-humanas, e até mesmo de estarmos em face de Deus como homem ou como mulher. É impossível portanto não ter sexualidade; isto seria não existir.

Homem e mulher são complementares. Sentem necessidade de amar e ser amados, de um determinado homem se dar a uma determinada mulher e vice-versa. “Esta necessidade fundamental precisa-se e tende a exprimir-se dum modo especial no genital” (ORAISON), quer dizer, na existência dos órgãos genitais que poderão permitir a realização do acto conjugal, expressão física privilegiada do amor de duas pessoas de sexo complementar. Trata-se dum “ponto culminante da necessidade de amar e de ser amado” (ORAISON). Quer dizer, o genital é uma parte do sexual mas não o todo. Como frisa muito bem CHAUCHARD não temos um sexo, somos sexuados. O órgão é uma consequência do sexo e está ao serviço do sexo. Não podemos restringir o sexo ao genital pois o sexo diz respeito a todo o nosso ser (...). Ser viril não é fazer funcionar os nossos órgãos genitais, é comportar-se virilmente toda a vida.

SEXUALIDADE E PSIQUISMO

Para compreender bem todos os problemas ligados com a sexualidade torna-se necessário ter uma ideia sumária sobre a evolução do instinto sexual.

Nos animais o instinto comanda todo o seu comportamento - comem quando têm fome, bebem quando têm sede, têm relações sexuais na época do cio, etc.. No homem o comportamento deixa de ser completamente instintivo para ser orientado pela inteligência e pela vontade. Portanto, os instintos humanos são sujeitos a controle e a evolução. Como acentua ORAISON o factor regulamentador do função não se situa no instinto, mas muito acima dele na indeterminação da vontade livre.

É no domínio sexual que esta diferença de comportamento sobressai mais claramente. Enquanto que no animal a actividade sexual se encontra limitada aos períodos de atracção sexual do estro, na espécie humana não está limitada ao estro, pode surgir em qualquer momento.

Por outro lado, a existência duma alma vai acrescentar à sexualidade um componente novo, as manifestações psicológicas. O homem teria apenas fracos impulsos eróticos se o sentimento não tivesse a sua função. É por estas razões que CHAUCHARD afirmou que  o principal órgão sexual do homem é o cérebro.

Encontra-se portanto na função sexual dois componentes - o desejo genital ou erotismo e o componente afectivo ou emoção terna.

Podemos considerar o erotismo como reflexo da genitalidade e a emoção terna da sexualidade.

Todo o problema do ser humano é de fazer coexistir estes dois elementos tão diferentes. Não se trata de tolerância, duma espécie de guerra fria, mas duma coexistência enriquecedora, harmoniosa. É um equilíbrio que é preciso construir pacientemente.

Brouillet

Em todo a evolução psíquica do homem, nota-se um caminhar longo e difícil para o equilíbrio entre estes dois componentes. Quando este equilíbrio não se dá, o indivíduo fica fixo em formas de evolução mais infantis em que predomina o erotismo.

A evolução para o equilíbrio vai-se traduzindo por uma oblatividade, por uma dádiva de si cada vez maior. A tendência progressiva para a oblatividade nota-se não só em  toda a esfera sexual, mas também em todas as actividades. Quando nasce, a criança tem apenas tendências captativas, isto é, quer todas as coisas para si, fá-las suas. Pouco a pouco surgem as tendências oblativas, que a levam a dar - partilha dos brinquedos com os outros, amor ao próximo, etc.. A tendência à oblatividade na esfera sexual não é mais que uma consequência da evolução afectiva geral.

A maturidade atinge-se quando o indivíduo é capaz de se dar total e irreversivelmente a um outro ser, não o utilizando apenas como objecto de satisfação, mas dando-se a ele por amor.

A RELAÇÃO COM OS OUTROS

Entrando no assunto, faria uma primeira pergunta: Porque é que as pessoas se casam ou porque se haviam de casar? E responderia. Porque entre elas há um verdadeiro amor.

Há a notar que o amor, hoje, é uma realidade muito desvirtuada – e não só no casamento.

O que é o amor? Não vamos tentar definir o que outros não conseguiram, mas procuraremos esboçar algumas das suas características. Entre os noivos, verifica-se que foi o amor que os levou a fazer uma escolha. Escolhe-se não por esta ou aquela qualidade, mas escolhe-se esta pessoa. Nada mais há a definir. Houve, pois, uma razão, um tanto misteriosa, que os levou a escolherem-se um ao outro.

Na fase do noivado, este factor – escolha – é fundamental e acarreta por sua vez outro factor – a idealização. O outro é o melhor entre todos. Se se pretende dissuadir alguém com razões lógicas, tudo redunda em trabalho perdido. Este factor idealização, que também é próprio do amor, de um certo Depois de casados, ao desaparecerem esses óculos cor de rosa, podre começar-se a ver o outro não na verdadeira face, mas numa face pior do que a realidade.

Outro aspecto que no noivado é apenas esboçado é o desejo de dar e o desejo de possuir. Os noivos procuram estar juntos, procuram dar um pouco de si mesmos ao outro.

Estas seriam as características da primeira fase do amor de noivos: a escolha, a idealização e um desejo mal esboçado de dar e possuir.

MATURIDADE SEXUAL

A maturidade sexual supõe, por conseguinte, um equilíbrio harmonioso entre o erotismo e a emoção terna. Este equilíbrio vai-se definir pelas seguintes características:

Maturidade genital caracterizada pela existência de órgãos genitais bem desenvolvidos.

Maturidade psico-sexual que faz com que as relações se pratiquem com o sexo oposto (atracção hetero-sexual).

Maturidade afectiva pela qual um determinado homem se dá única e exclusivamente a uma determinada mulher e vice-versa. 

O que dá o seu valor específico ao acto conjugal não é nem a maturidade genital nem a atracção hetero-sexual (as duas condições existem nos animais), mas sim a maturidade afectiva, implicando electividade

Le Moel.

Uma hetero-sexualidade assim compreendida deve ser livre e liberta de todas as manifestações infantis ou adolescentes, como seja a curiosidade nunca satisfeita, a introversão, o flirt, etc..

Domínio de si que vai ajudar a manter o equilíbrio e assegurar a firmeza da orientação hetero-sexual electiva.

Desejo para lá do casal, que se poderá concretizar um dia nos filhos.

É o amor que vai dar à sexualidade humana um valor e um significado que a animal nunca poderá ter. A introdução na sexualidade humana duma riqueza extremamente elevada de valores espirituais poderá transformar, se a vontade humana o quiser, um acto puramente carnal num acto altamente espiritual. Nestes casos, que deveriam ser regra, a união das almas sobrepõe-se à união dos corpos, elevando-a a um nível superior.

É por esta razão que a dádiva total dos corpos e almas que é uma união conjugal, só se poderá compreender dentro dum ideal monogâmico. O acto sexual fora do casamento nunca poderá ser uma dádiva total, reduz-se apenas a um acto carnal desprovido de qualquer ideal superior - é a junção de corpos sem união de almas, transforma-se na satisfação egoísta de um instinto.

COMUNIDADE DE SERES SEXUADOS

A fase seguinte, já dentro do casamento, consistiria essencialmente em procurar criar uma comunidade de vida e de amor. Seres complementares um para o outro querem juntar-se para, com o que há de bom e de mau, nas boas e más horas, criarem uma comunidade, que terá de ser de vida, visto que são dois seres vivos que se juntam, e terá de ser de amor, visto ter sido o amor que os aproximou um do outro.

Este amor que os uniu irá ser a mola propulsora, o dinamismo que leva o casal a vencer os seus problemas. É preciso insistir que o amor, onde existe, se não é uma panaceia, é pelo menos uma grande força para vencer dificuldades.

Onde não há amor, mesmo que haja soluções mais fáceis, é difícil fazer uma caminhada, visto que não há vontade de caminhar.

Este amor que os uniu irá ser a mola propulsora, o dinamismo que leva o casal a vencer os seus problemas. É preciso insistir que o amor, onde existe, se não é uma panaceia, é pelo menos uma grande força para vencer dificuldades.

Onde não há amor, mesmo que haja soluções mais fáceis, é difícil fazer uma caminhada, visto que não há vontade de caminhar.

Este amor de que estamos a falar surge entre dois seres sexuados e  complementares.

O que é que entendemos por sexualidade? Num sentido geral é tudo aquilo que torna o homem diferente da mulher. Há um certo número de características físicas, anatómicas, espirituais, maneira de ser, feitio, temperamento, que permitem distinguir o homem da mulher.

Confunde-se muitas vezes sexualidade com genitalidade. A genitalidade seria um aspecto particular da sexualidade, ligado à existência de órgãos genitais e sua actividade. Isto é porque não podemos conceber uma genitalidade separada de sexualidade. Trata-se de um capítulo do conjunto.

Isto mesmo decorre da análise da evolução do instinto. O instinto é aquilo que leva o animal a fazer uma coisa de que tem necessidade vital como aa fome . Há, pois, instintos, como no exemplo apontado, cuja satisfação é obrigatória para garantir a continuidade do indivíduo.

Há um instinto que visa a continuidade da espécie, , o instinto da reprodução. A não realização deste último em todos os indivíduos duma espécie levaria à extinção da mesma espécie. Pelo contrário, se apenas parte dos indivíduos se eximiu à sua realização, a espécie não acaba.

Como a reprodução não é um acto vital do indivíduo mas da espécie, aquele poderia não ter necessidade de aplicar este instinto, se a natureza, sabiamente, não tivesse criado meios para isso. É por isso que o acto sexual está acompanhado de prazer, de modo que indivíduos de sexos diferentes se atraiam mutuamente. Deste modo, entre os animais, a fêmea só cativa o macho na altura do cio, em que ela é fecundavel

Evidentemente que no homem não é assim. No homem, para lá destes valores puramente carnais, há um espírito, uma alma. Este elemento veio introduzir em todo o conjunto da vida humana características que o animal não tem. Uma delas, e das mais importantes, é o amor.

Para o homem o acto sexual passou a ser também um acto de amor. Será um sinal do amor entre homem e mulher. Foi este o ponto de chegada na evolução do instinto.

Mas esta evolução do instinto é paralela a outras evoluções da afectividade. A evolução da generosidade segue caminhos paralelos. Um bebé é sempre egoísta: está centrado sobre ele próprio. De certo modo vive para que lhe dêem de comer, lhe proporcionem o dormir. Tudo lhe aparece feito e não lhe é pedido o mínimo de esforço, visto que vem preparado para isso. Quando nasce, numa primeira fase, continua a tudo esperar. Depois, ainda bebé, à medida que se vai desenvolvendo, começam os chamados instintos captativos: continua a querer tudo para ele.

Com a educação e evolução para a maturidade, esta tendência egoísta vai desaparecendo. A criança começa a ter também gosto em dar e ajudar. Evidentemente que se trata de uma tendência natural que deve ser desenvolvida com a educação.

Da mesma maneira o instinto sexual vai-se modificando: de certa maneira deixa de ser um instinto, visto que é mais do que uma necessidade vital de alguma coisa. Vai subindo, porque à medida que o homem ou a mulher se sentem capazes de dar, também amar mais e ama melhor: não vai apenas buscar ao outro a satisfação dum prazer, mas procura tornar o outro feliz.

A maturidade sexual implica  ser uma maturidade com escolha , selectiva (determinada) e generosa, implicando o dom de si e o desejo recíproco de dar e de fazer feliz.

COMUNIDADE DE SERES COMPLEMENTARES

Outro aspecto importante é tratar-se duma comunidade entre dois seres complementares, i.e., seres diferentes que se completam, sem discussão de superioridades. As sua características, uma vez postas em comum, embora com alguns atritos, resultam no enriquecimento um do outro. Homem e mulher são diferentes e as diferenças são complementares e da sua união resulta uma maior riqueza.

Por isso, o casamento poderia ser, como definição provisória, o desenvolvimento harmonioso de todas as potencialidades da sexualidade.

As características essenciais do amor, já esboçadas de certo modo, seriam: a atracção, que mantém os esposos juntos; o dom de si, esforço para tornar o outro feliz;  reciprocidade, que implica um fluxo de amor nos dois sentidos, na vida do casal.

As características essenciais do amor, já esboçadas de certo modo, seriam: a atracção, que mantém os esposos juntos; o dom de si, esforço para tornar o outro feliz;  reciprocidade.

O GESTO, A COMUNICAÇÃO E O DIÁLOGO: UM TERRENO COMUM

Evidentemente, se há reciprocidade pode-se ir criando um terreno comum: um terreno da vida que não pertence a ele nem e ela que pertence aos dois – é o terreno da vida do casal.

Ora esse terreno da vida tem de se desenvolver, tem de se evidenciar mediante sinais e mediante símbolos. É próprio da nossa condição  humana: temos o dom do pensamento, mas não o dom de adivinhar o pensamento dos outros. Transmitimos o que pensamos por sinais. Se eu estiver calado, impassível e inexpressivo, ninguém saberá o que estou a pensar. Para me exprimir tenho de falar, de fazer gestos, de usar expressões, que se reflectem no interlocutor através de expressões de agrado ou desagrado.

Da mesma maneira, no caso concreto, um casal que vive junto, que possui um terreno comum, tem de se exprimir com sinais que ajudam e permitem desenvolver essa vida: as palavras, o gesto as ajudas domésticas, o elogio, as praxes sociais, os pequenos nadas tão influentes, as coisas banais mas importantes de que se nutre o interesse de um pelo outro.

E como o casal não é apenas espírito nem é apenas corpo, nesta linguagem dos sinais não bastam as palavras. Há uma progressão dos sinais sensíveis e mesmo físicos, desde os iniciais – beijo e ternura dos noivos – , até ao sinal físico mais importante do casal – o acto conjugal. Todos são sinais do amor que os esposos têm um pelo outro.

É por isso que o acto conjugal fora do casamento  tem um valor muito curto e muito pequeno. Realizado por um casal que se ama, o seu significado é extraordinário, porque

é um sinal físico, sensível, do amor que une os dois: é a expressão de uma realidade que o transcende. Por este motivo consideramos equívoca a chamada experiência pré-conjugal. Esta isola o aspecto carnal como fundamental, hipertrofia-o, e tudo o que estiver para lá dos corpos perde o interesse.

Por outro lado, esta posição equivaleria dizer que o acto conjugal terá sempre o mesmo valor, o mesmo significado e a mesma intensidade durante toda a vida do casal. Ora não é assim, porque o próprio casal tem de aprender. O acto conjugal no início de casados não tem o mesmo valor, o mesmo significado e a mesma intensidade de alguns anos depois. Há uma aprendizagem e una caminhada para uma perfeição e uma maturidade que só se atinge após uma experiência relativamente longa, fácil ou difícil. Nem sempre é fácil conseguir a harmonia conjugal, mas ela não se consegue à primeira vez. Esta noção é tão importante como esquecida.

LUGAR DO CORPO EM RELAÇÃO AO AMOR

Dum modo geral, faz-se uma dissociação entre o amor espiritual e o amor genital. A consideração pelo aspecto genital é tão pouca que muita gente pensa que falar dele em paralelo com o espiritual é misturar roupa suja com roupa limpa. Esta ideia é completamente errada - trata-se de dois aspectos do mesmo amor, um espiritual e outro carnal, que se completam. Como não somos espíritos, o nosso corpo também deve participar na comunidade de vida e de amor que é o casamento.

Platão e S. Agostinho, entre outros Autores, tinham uma ideia muito desfavorável sobre a parte carnal do casamento. S. Agostinho considerava o acto conjugal como um mal necessário, justificável apenas tendo em vista a procriação. Todo o encontro carnal seria origem pelo menos de pecado venial e o ideal do casamento seria a continência total. Estas ideias enraizaram-se na Igreja e no espírito dos católicos. Só modernamente se reviu esta situação, dando-se ao acto conjugal o seu verdadeiro significado. Todavia, muitas pessoas ainda não apreenderam estas novas noções e continuam a fazer juízos segundo as ideias antigas, hoje totalmente ultrapassadas. Não existem ainda hoje casais que não comungam porque tiveram uma relação sexual na véspera?

Por outro lado, vivemos numa época em que se exalta o erotismo, ou seja os aspectos genitais desligados dos espirituais. Basta ver as revistas de actualidades, filmes, anúncios, etc.. Incluindo, não há quem pense que o fim do casamento é a possibilidade de ter relações sexuais legalizadas?

Estamos todos condicionados sobre estes problemas pelo erotismo ambiente em que o amor é apreciado essencialmente como carnal.

Este aspecto é tão errado como o anterior. É tão errado abstrair do amor o seu aspecto carnal como dar um exclusivo a este aspecto. O papel do corpo é exprimir os sentimentos do coração, um estado de alma. Dar uma hipertrofia ao carnal é esquecermo-nos de qual é o verdadeiro papel do corpo.

O ACTO CONJUGAL

Deus criando o homem e a mulher de modo que o acto sexual fosse ao mesmo tempo possível origem de uma nova vida a fonte de prazer e deleite, certamente não se enganou. Como disse Clemente de Alexandria não devemos ter vergonha de falar naquilo que Deus não teve vergonha de criar.

A própria Bíblia nos diz que ao criar o homem e a mulher Deus lhes disse para crescerem e se multiplicarem e viu que isto era muito bom (Gén., I, 31) e quis que se tornassem numa só carne(XI, 24).

Pio XII acentuou bem estes factos dizendo que o Criador querendo para a propagação do género humano servir-se do homem e da mulher unindo-os no casamento, estabeleceu que nesta função os esposos sentissem um prazer e uma volúpia do corpo e do espírito. Portanto, os esposos não fazem nada de mal procurando este prazer e gozando-o aceitam o que o Criador lhes destinou.

Estão, portanto, fora da verdade aqueles que consideram a vida sexual no casamento uma actividade grosseira e imperfeita, fonte de faltas e origem de pecados.

Por outro lado o acto conjugal além de permitir que se faça a união dos corpos, indispensável para que haja harmonia perfeita no casamento, é também ponto de partida para a união das almas.

Há muitas mulheres que pensam que o objectivo fundamental e por vezes único do casamento é a possibilidade de poderem ter filhos. Ora, afirmar isto equivale a ignorar que além de serem ordenadas para a fecundidade, as relações sexuais também são acima de tudo destinadas providencialmente para expandir e intensificar o amor conjugal.

Características  do acto conjugal

O acto conjugal deve ser cada vez mais a expressão dum amor oblativo - Por maior necessidade ou desejo que um cônjuge tenha, a união conjugal deve ser um acto mútuo, que diga sempre respeito aos dois cônjuges. Interessa tanto ou mais dar prazer ao outro do que ter prazer.

<As uniões conjugais não podem ser separadas do clima amoroso do lar - O acto conjugal deve ser uma das expressões do amor que os esposos dedicam um ao outro. Se a atracção física e o acto conjugal têm a sua parte não se devem tornar o elemento único ou mesmo primordial.

CONCLUSÃO

A sexualidade é uma modalidade de ser humano que não se reduz à unidade, mas leva à dualidade. Este dado de base é duma importância fundamental e está na base das seguintes proposições adaptadas de BROUILLET, que resumem o que dissemos:

- A sexualidade convida-nos a nos tornarmos o que somos, um homem ou uma mulher.

- A sexualidade leva-nos a descobrir o outro como diferente e a aceitá-lo assim.

- A sexualidade leva-nos ao equilíbrio e à maturidade.

-A sexualidade leva-nos a sair de nós próprios, da auto-suficiência, da solidão, do egocentrismo.

- A sexualidade pede e realiza a formação dum casal, dum nós.

- A sexualidade tem a sua expressão física privilegiada no dom dos corpos.

- A sexualidade leva ao desejo de ter filhos, e por conseguinte a uma fecundidade racional.

SEXUALIDADE

Informaçoes gerais

Directorios

http://sexuality.about.com/

Textos

http://www.doctissimo.fr/html/sante/mag_2002/sem01/mag0208/amour_sante_niv2.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality

http://au.reachout.com/what-is-sexuality

https://www.optionsforsexualhealth.org/sexual-health/sexuality

Fisiologia da ereção e ejaculação

Fases

Na fase de repouso o volume, pressão intracavernosa e fluxo sanguíneo mantêm-se constantes

Na fase de tumescência o volume aumenta e a pressão intracavernosa sobe progressivamente

Na fase de erecção o volume mantem-se constante. A pressão  intracavernosa atinge um máximo no início da fase e mantem-se constante

Na fase de destumescência volta-se progressivamente à fase de repouso

Mecanismo

A excitação sexual desencadeia um reflexo parasimpático que provoca a  libertação local de NO

O NO  aumenta a produção de GMP cíclico que causa a dilatação das artérias helicinas,  que irrigam os corpos erécteis

Estes enchem-se de sangue causando a erecção

Excitação sexual

Parasimpatico

NO

Dilatação das veias helicinas 

LINKS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erection

http://www.seekwellness.com/mens_sexuality/erection-physiology.htm

http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/432628_4

https://www.cornellurology.com/clinical-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/how-erections-work/

Historia da sexualidade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality

http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/histofsex/

http://www.livescience.com/7088-history-human-sex.html

Anti-sexualidade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisexualism

http://www.asexuality.org/en/topic/103112-about-antisexuality-and-asexual-elitism/

http://goodvibesblog.com/asexuality-is-not-antisexuality-sex-positivity-in-a-negative-world/

http://www.bilerico.com/2012/08/gop_adds_3_more_anti-sexuality_planks_to_platform.php

Informaçao especializada

Alargamento do pénis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis_enlargement

http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/penis-enlargement-does-it-work

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/sexual-health/in-depth/penis/art-20045363

http://menshealth.about.com/cs/penishealth/a/penis_enlarge.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/penis-health/Pages/penis-enlargement.aspx

http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/874.aspx?CategoryID=61

http://penis-enlargement.org/

Ciclismo e impotência

http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/cyclingworkouts/a/BikingImpotence.htm

http://www.ilovebicycling.com/cycling-and-impotence/

http://bicyclehabitat.com/articles/saddle-seats-and-erectile-dysfunction-the-myth-exploded-pg97.htm

http://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/health/myth-busted-cycling-does-not-cause-erectile-dysfunction-20140717

http://patient.info/health/erectile-dysfunction-impotence

http://www.over40cyclist.com/cycling-and-impotence/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling

http://www.privatehealth.co.uk/articles/cycling-and-impotence-82178/

http://pedaldamnit.blogspot.co.uk/2007/04/cycling-saddles-and-impotence.html

Desejo sexual compulsivo

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-sexual-behavior/basics/definition/con-20020126

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182473.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_behavior

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_behavior

http://www.drugs.com/mcd/compulsive-sexual-behavior

http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/ss/compulsivesexualbehavior/compulsive_sexual_behavior_1.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719393/

http://www.eegspectrum.com/applications/addictions/compsexbehavior/

http://www.helpguide.org/articles/anxiety/obssessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd.htm

Desejo sexual reduzido

http://www.andrologia.org/eng/desiderio_engl.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_desire

https://www.accessrx.com/erectile-dysfunction/reduced-sexual-desire#

http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/sexualdysfunction/a/femsexdysfpt2.htm

http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/features/when-a-mans-sex-drive-is-too-low

http://www.healthyplace.com/sex/male-sexual-dysfunction/decreased-sexual-desire-in-men/

http://www.wdxcyber.com/nmood01.htm

https://www.mstrust.org.uk/a-z/reduced-sexual-desire

http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/sexualdysfunction/a/femalesexdysfun.htm

http://www.diagnose-me.com/what-causes/reduced-sexual-desire.html

http://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/sexual-problems-at-midlife/decreased-desire

http://www.medicinenet.com/sexual_sex_problems_in_men/article.htm

Disforia do género

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-sexual-behavior/basics/definition/con-20020126

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria

http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Gender-Dysphoria.aspx

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-of-Gender-Dysphoria.aspx

Disfunçao eréctil

http://webhomememulher.blogspot.pt/2015/09/impotencia.html

Disfunçao erectil na diabetes

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317012.php

Disfunçao eréctil – tratamento

Textos

http://www.andrologia.org/eng/impotenza_engl.htm

http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/erectile-dysfunction-treatment-care

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Erectile-dysfunction/Pages/Treatment.aspx

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/basics/definition/CON-20034244

Alprostadil

http://www.drugs.com/cdi/alprostadil.html

http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/alprostadil-treat-ed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1

http://www.drugs.com/pro/alprostadil.html

http://www.caverject.com/

http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs_devices_supplements/hic_Alprostadil_Injection_therapy

http://www.medicinenet.com/alprostadil_penile_suppository/article.htm

http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/alprostadil-treat-ed?page=3

http://patient.info/medicine/alprostadil-for-erectile-dysfunction

Avanafil ( spedra,stendra))

http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002581/human_med_001661.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124

http://pt.healthexpress.eu/spedra.html

http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/28729/SPC/Spedra+50+mg,+100+mg+and+200+mg+tablets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanafil

http://www.drugs.com/uk/spedra.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/avanafil_stendra/article.htm

http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/news/20091123/new-erection-drug-faster-safer

Cialis( Tadalafil)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadalafil

http://www.drugs.com/cialis.html

http://www.rxlist.com/cialis-tadalafil/drug.htm

http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-77881/cialis-oral/details

http://www.drugs.com/pro/cialis.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/tadalafil/article.htm

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604008.html

Implantes no pénis

http://www.yourplasticsurgeryguide.com/other-procedures/penile-implant.htm

http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/penile-prosthesis

https://www.urologicalcare.com/penile-implants-prosthesis/types-of-penile-implants/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/penile-implants/basics/definition/PRC-20013140

http://www.medicinenet.com/penile_implants/article.htm

http://www.peritourology.com/penile-implants/

http://www.coloplastmenshealth.com/treatments/erectile-dysfunction-treatment/penile-implants/

https://www.urologicalcare.com/penile-implants-prosthesis/about-the-internal-penile-pump/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/penile-implants/multimedia/three-piece-penile-implant/img-20008850

Levitra(Vardenafil)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardenafil

http://www.drugs.com/levitra.html

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/sexual-health/a8432/levitra-vardenafil/

http://www.levitra.com/

http://www.medicinenet.com/vardenafil/article.htm

http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/levitra

http://www.rxlist.com/levitra-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm

http://www.drugs.com/pro/levitra.html

Viagra (sidenafil)

http://www.andrologia.org/eng/orale_engl.htm

http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm162833.htm

https://www.viagra.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildenafil

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a699015.html

http://www.drugs.com/cdi/sildenafil.html

http://www.drugs.com/viagra.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/sildenafil-oral/article.htm

http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-7417-297/viagra-oral/sildenafil-oral/details

Terapia pelo vácuo na disfunção erectil

http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm162833.htm

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/725873

http://postvac.com/education/erectile-dysfunction/

http://www.medicinenet.com/penis_prosthesis/article.htm

http://www.augustams.com/how-does-somatherapy-ed-work/

http://sexuality.about.com/od/Erectile-Dysfunction/a/Erectile-Dysfunction-Pump.htm

http://www.webmd.boots.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/vacuum-constriction-devices

http://www.vedsystems.com/vacuum/vacuum-therapy/

http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v22/n4/full/ijir20104a.html

http://www.onlinemedsupplies.com/edtherapy.htm

http://www.articlesfactory.com/articles/health/vacuum-therapy-for-erectile-dysfunction.html

Emissao nocturna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_emission

http://www.roymedical.com/english/nocturnal.htm

http://www.nfcurecapsules.com/what-causes-nocturnal-emission.htm

http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/nocturnal-orgasms-and-emissions

http://www.wikihow.com/Stop-Wet-Dreams

http://teens.webmd.com/boys/wet-dream-faq

http://hpathy.com/cause-symptoms-treatment/nocturnal-emissions/

http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Nocturnal_emission

Disfunçao orgasmica

http://www.healthline.com/health/orgasmic-dysfunction#Diagnosis4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgasmia

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001953.htm

http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/orgasmic-dysfunction

http://www.beachpsych.com/pages/cc73.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3411116/

http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Male-orgasmic-disorder.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12588

http://www.healthcentral.com/encyclopedia/adam/orgasmic-dysfunction-4014691/overview/

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexualproblemsinwomen.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2185837-overview

http://www.scripps.org/articles/1932-orgasmic-dysfunction

Disfunçao sexual feminina

http://www.healthcommunities.com/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis.shtml

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0701/p127.html

http://www.webmd.com/women/guide/sexual-dysfunction-women

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/basics/definition/CON-20027721

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0701/p127.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008577/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/basics/treatment/con-20027721

http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/sexualdysfunction/a/femalesexdysfun.htm

http://www.hormone.org/questions-and-answers/2012/female-sexual-dysfunction

http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_An_Overview_of_Sexual_Dysfunction/hic_Sexual_Dysfunction_in_Females

http://www.mazewomenshealth.com/sexual-health/

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0301/p635.html

http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=32672

http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/womens-health/female-sexual-dysfunction/

http://www.healthywomen.org/condition/sexual-dysfunction

http://www.drugs.com/mcd/female-sexual-dysfunction

 Dispareunia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspareunia

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/basics/definition/con-20033293

http://patient.info/doctor/dyspareunia

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192590.php

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/dyspareunia/intro.htm

http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/dyspareunia.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3141

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0415/p1535.html

http://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/painful-sexual-intercourse-dyspareunia

https://www.vaginismus.com/faqs/vaginismus-questions/dyspareunia-diagnosis-treatment/

http://www.minddisorders.com/Del-Fi/Dyspareunia.html

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/dyspareunia/causes.htm

http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/painful-sexual-intercourse-dyspareunia.html

http://www.dermnetnz.org/site-age-specific/dyspareunia.html

http://www.femhealth.net/sexual-health/dyspareunia-treatments.htm

http://www.greenherbalremedies.com/women/painful-intercourse.htm

https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women's-health-issues/sexual-dysfunction-in-women/dyspareunia

http://hpathy.com/cause-symptoms-treatment/dyspareunia/

http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/dyspareunia/causes-risk-factors.html

Ejaculação demorada

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/conditions/sexual-health/a2216/delayed-ejaculation-retarded-ejaculation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_ejaculation

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delayed-ejaculation/basics/definition/con-20034981

http://www.make-love-easily.com/

http://www.webmd.com/men/features/overcoming-ejaculation-problems

http://www.healthline.com/health/delayed-ejaculation#Symptoms2

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Ejaculation-problems/Pages/Introduction.aspx

http://www.makinglovefeelgreat.com/

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284679.php

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

http://www.webmd.com/men/features/overcoming-ejaculation-problems?page=2

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001954.htm

http://www.goodinbed.com/miniguides/2010/04/delayed-ejaculation-de.php

http://www.issm.info/news/review-reports/understanding-and-treating-retarded-ejaculation/

http://www.bumc.bu.edu/sexualmedicine/informationsessions/ejaculation-problems-too-fast-too-slow-or-not-at-all/

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-treatment

Ejaculaçao precoce

http://www.andrologia.org/eng/precoce_engl.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ejaculation/basics/definition/CON-20031160

http://www.wikihow.com/Stop-Premature-Ejaculation

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89jaculation_pr%C3%A9coce

http://pt.yourwebdoc.com/prematureejaculation./

http://www.doctissimo.fr/html/sexualite/ejaculation_prematuree/ejaculation_prematuree_niv2.htm

http://sante-medecine.journaldesfemmes.com/faq/16161-ejaculation-precoce-retarder-l-ejaculation

Ejaculaçao retrograda

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320332.php?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-hcp

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retrograde-ejaculation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354890

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retrograde-ejaculation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354896
https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/retrograde-ejaculation

https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/retrograde-ejaculation.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812888/

Electroejaculaçao

http://www.malereproduction.com/conditions/ejaculatory-failure-electroejaculation.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroejaculation

http://www.fertilityfactor.com/infertility_ree.html

http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/semeneval/collection.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539225/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroejaculation

Hermafroditismo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_hermaphroditism

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/hermaphroditism/intro.htm

http://www.angelfire.com/ca2/BornHermaphrodite/

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001669.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418019/

http://www.women-info.com/en/hermaphroditism/

http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v15/n10/full/3880645a.html

http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Hermaphroditism

Homosexualidade e SiDA

http://www.thebody.com/index/whatis/gaymen.html

http://www.thebody.com/index/whatis/lesbians.html

http://www.thebody.com/index/whatis/lesbians.html

http://www.conservapedia.com/Homosexuality_and_AIDS

https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fighting-fear/201305/homosexuality-and-aids

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS#HIV_can_infect_only_homosexual_men_and_drug_users

http://rense.com/general73/homphn.htm

Masturbaçao

http://www.medecine-et-sante.com/sexualitereproduction/Masturbation.html~

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation

http://boysunderattack.com/masturbation.html

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/masturbation

http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/masturbation-guide

http://www.medicinenet.com/masturbation/article.htm

http://uk.askmen.com/dating/love_tip/500_negative-side-effects-of-masturbation.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_masturbation

Pseudohermafroditismo

http://omim.org/entry/152780

http://omim.org/entry/264600

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohermaphroditism

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001669.htm

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/medical/pseudohermaphroditism.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohermaphroditism

http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Male%20Pseudohermaphroditism%20Due%20to%20Androgen%20Insensitivity%20or%205%CE%B1-Reductase%20Deficiency/item/348

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2431528/

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/male-pseudohermaphroditism

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/p/pseudohermaphroditism_male_with_gynecomastia/symptoms.htm

http://www.fpnotebook.com/Endo/Sex/MlPsdhrmphrdtsm.htm

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/female-pseudohermaphroditism

http://www.fpnotebook.com/Endo/Sex/FmlPsdhrmphrdtsm.htm

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001669.htm

http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/ugenital/patholgenital01.html

https://www.netterimages.com/female-pseudohermaphroditism-unlabeled-gynecology-frank-h-netter-1809.html

Sexo oral

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320807.php?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_country=PT&utm_hcp=yes&utm_campaign=MNT%20Daily%20Full%20%28HCP%20non-US%29%20-%20OLD%20STYLE%202018-02-02&utm_term=MNT%20Daily%20News%20%28HCP%20non-US%29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_sex

https://www.avert.org/sex-stis/how-to-have-sex/oral-sex

Sexsonia

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320448.php?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=MNT%20Daily%20Full%20%28HCP%20non-US%29%20-%20OLD%20STYLE%202017-12-28&utm_term=MNT%20Daily%20News%20%28HCP%20non-US%29    

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_sex   

https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-sex#symptoms     

https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep/what-is-sexsomnia.aspx    

http://www.refinery29.com/what-is-sexsomnia-sleep-sex  

Tamanho do pénis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_penis_size

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/conditions/sexual-health/a2309/facts-about-penis-size/

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271647.php

http://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/penis-size-what-women-think

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/09/penis-size-study-women-men-big-genitals_n_3041609.html

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/03/the-results-are-in-study-reveals-average-penis-size

http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/life-cycle-of-a-penis

Transsexualismo

http://www.andrology.com/transsexualism.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsexual

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_transsexualism

http://www.medicineonline.com/articles/T/2/Transexualism/Gender-Identity-Disorder.html

http://www.tsroadmap.com/info/transsexualism-causes.html

http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Transexualism

http://www.looking-glass.greenend.org.uk/medical.htm

CONTRACEPÇAO

Informaçoes gerais

Directorios

http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod/image_index.html

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthcontrol.html

http://www.mydr.com.au/topics/contraception

Textos

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/pregnancy/center.htm

https://www.engenderhealth.org/our-work/family-planning/index.php

http://cigognes.delanoue.pagesperso-orange.fr/contrace/tousavoi.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception-guide/pages/what-is-contraception.aspx

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/contraception.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control

http://www.familyplanning.org.nz/advice/contraception

http://www.thinkcontraception.ie/Contraception-Choices/Female-Contraception.66.1.aspx

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-choices

http://www.sexualityandu.ca/birth-control/birth_control_methods_contraception

Informaçao especializada

.Abstinencia sexual

http://cigognes.delanoue.pagesperso-orange.fr/contrace/tousavoi.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abstinence

http://www.epigee.org/guide/abstain.html

http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/10/teenage-sexual-abstinence-and-academic-achievement

http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/abstinence.html

Anel vaginal

http://www.nhs..uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/vaginal-ring.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_ring

http://www.popcouncil.org/research/one-year-contraceptive-vaginal-ring

http://www.nuvaring.com/consumer/

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-vaginal-ring

http://www.familyplanning.org.nz/advice/contraception/vaginal-rings

http://www.fpa.org.uk/contraception-help/contraceptive-vaginal-ring

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/vaginal-ring.aspx

Capa cervical

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/contraceptive-cap.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cap

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/cervical-cap

http://www.pamf.org/teen/sex/birthcontrol/cervicalcap.html

http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_cap.html

Diafragma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_%28contraceptive%29

1- bexiga
2- Ossos pubicos
3- Uretra
4- Vagina
5- Uter6-
7- Colo do utero
8 - Diafragma
9- Recto

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/contraceptive-diaphragm.aspx

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-diaphragms

http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/sex-birth-control/birth-control/birth-control-how-to-use-your-diaphragm.html

http://contraception.about.com/od/prescriptionoptions/a/Diaphragm.htm

http://www.pamf.org/teen/sex/birthcontrol/diaphragm.html

Dispositivo intrauterino (IUD)

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0101/p95.html

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/birth_control_intrauterine_devices_iuds/article_em.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/iud-coil.aspx

http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/intrauterine-device-iud-for-birth-control

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/birth_control_intrauterine_devices_iuds/article_em.htm

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-intrauterine-devices-iud

http://americanpregnancy.org/preventing-pregnancy/intrauterine-devices/

http://patient.info/health/intrauterine-contraceptive-device-leaflet

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1998022-overview

http://www.medicinenet.com/iud/article.htm

Espermicidas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermicide

hthttp://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_spermicide.htmltp:/www.emhttp://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-spermicidesedicinehealth.com/birth_control_spermicides/article_em.htm

hhttp://www.contracept.org/spermicides.phpttp://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-spermicides

http://americanpregnancy.org/preventing-pregnancy/spermicide/

Esponja contraceptivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge

http://www.womens-health.co.uk/sponge.html

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-sponge-today-sponge

Esterilizaçao feminina

http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/sterilizatio1/

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tubal_sterilization/artic

http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/sex-birth-control/birth-control/tubal-sterilization.html

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/sterilization-women

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal_ligation

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tubal_sterilization/article_em.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/female-sterilisation.aspx

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/female-sterilisation.aspx

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/266799-overview

https://www.tubal-reversal.net/female-sterilization/

Implante contraceptivo

http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/The_Contraceptive_Implant

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/contraceptive-implant.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_implant

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-implant-implanon

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/contraceptive-implant/basics/definition/prc-20015073

http://www.fpa.org.uk/contraception-help/contraceptive-implant

http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-implants-types-safety-side-effects

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-implants-and-injections

Injecçao contraceptiva

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/contraceptive-injection.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depot_medroxyprogesterone_acetate

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-shot-depo-provera

http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/birthcontrol/a/depoproverabc.htm

http://www.ultimatebirthcontrol.com/injections.html

http://patient.info/health/contraceptive-injection

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-implants-and-injections

Metodos naturais

http://www.sexualityandu.ca/birth-control/birth_control_methods_contraception/natural_methods

http://www.medicinenet.com/natural_methods_of_birth_control/article.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/natural-family-planning.aspx

http://www.natural-family-planning.info/standard-days-method.htm

. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_family_planning

http://www.fpa.org.uk/contraception-help/natural-family-planning

http://uk.clearblue.com/persona

http://patient.info/health/natural-family-planning

http://contraception.about.com/od/naturalmethods/

http://americanpregnancy.org/preventing-pregnancy/natural-family-planning/

http://americanpregnancy.org/preventing-pregnancy/natural-family-planning/

http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/marriage-and-family/natural-family-planning/what-is-nfp/

Penso preservativo

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/contraceptive-patch.aspx

Pilula

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601050.html

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/combined-contraceptive-pill.aspx

http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-pills

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-pill

http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_birth.html

http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/features/comparing-birth-control-pill-types-combination-mini-pills-more

http://www.drugs.com/article/birth-control-pill.html

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/birth-control/in-depth/birth-control-pill/art-20045136

Hiperdosagem da pilula

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002599.htm

http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/birth-control-pills-overdose

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/b/birth_control_pill_poisoning/intro.htm

https://ufhealth.org/birth-control-pill-overdose

Pilula e cancro

.http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-sheet

http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/pill-breast-cancer-risk

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/some-birth-control-pills-linked-to-higher-breast-cancer-risk-in-study/

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancers-in-general/cancer-questions/the-contraceptive-pill-and-cancer-risk

http://bedsider.org/features/325-does-birth-control-cause-breast-cancer

http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-pills

Pilula  e  tromboembolias venosas

http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-shee

http://quantifiedhealth.blogspot.pt/2015/07/birth-control-pills-and-venous.html

http://sogc.org/media_updates/position-statement-hormonal-contraception-and-risk-of-venous-thromboembolism-vte/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255133/

http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Gynecologic-Practice/Risk-of-Venous-Thromboembolism

http://www.medpagetoday.com/Cardiology/VenousThrombosis/29272

http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b2890

https://www.schmidtlaw.com/gianvi-venous-thromboembolism-vte-lawsuit/

 Pilula do dia seguinte.

http://www.ru486facts.org/

http://ec.princeton.edu/emergency-contraception.html

http://www.caducee.net/DossierSpecialises/gyneco-obstetrique/pilule1.asp

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/morning-after-pill-emergency-contraception

http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/plan-b

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/morning-after-pill-emergency-contraception

SIDA  e contraceptivos

http://www.epigee.org/hiv_birth_control.html

http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/hiv?page=basics-00-11

http://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/daily/sex/birth-control.asp

http://bedsider.org/features/340-birth-control-when-you-re-living-with-hiv-aids

http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio301L/stds.html

Vasectomia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasectomy

http://www.medicinenet.com/vasectomy/article.htm

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vasectomy/article_em.htm

http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/vasectomy-14387

http://patient.info/health/vasectomy-male-sterilisation

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/vasectomy-male-sterilisation.aspx

Reversao da vasectomia

http://www.ivf-infertility.com/vasectomy_reversal.php

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy-reversal/basics/definition/prc-20020619

http://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/vasectomy-reversal

http://www.vasectomy.com/article/vasectomy-reversal/procedure/the-vasectomy-reversal-procedure

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy-reversal/basics/definition/PRC-20020619

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy-reversal/basics/definition/PRC-20020619

http://www.vasectomymedical.com/vasectomy-reversal-success-rates.html

Gravidez

Informaçoes gerais

Directorios

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancy.html

http://www.netwellness.com/healthtopics/pregnancy/

http://www.mydr.com.au/babies-pregnancy

http://pathologyoutlines.com/placenta.html

Textos

http://www.childbirth.org/articles/pregnancy/basics.html

http://sante-guerir.notrefamille.com/

http://health.indianetzone.com/acupressure/1/acupressure_pregnancy.htm

Informaçoes especializadas

Abruptio placenta

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/795514-overview

http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod/seminars/seminar3B2.html

 

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption

 

http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=bleeding-in-pregnancyplacenta-previaplacental-abruption-90-P02437

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/placental-abruption/basics/definition/con-20024292

Acidos omega 3 na gravidez

http://www.pregnancy-info.net/omega3.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621042/

http://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20040716/pregnant-omega-3-essential-for-babys-brain

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/omega-3-fish-oil/

http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/healthy-living-vie-saine/pregnancy-grossesse/general-information-renseignements-generaux/omega-3-eng.php

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/04/27/omega-3-pregnant-women.aspx

http://www.dhababy.com/pregnancy/dhapregnancyfactsheet.aspx

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/pubs/nutrition/omega3-eng.php

https://www.ascentahealth.com/omega-3-pregnancy

http://www.netmums.com/pregnancy/staying-healthy-in-pregnancy/feel-great-in-pregnancy/fish-oils-in-pregnancy

Alcoolismo na gravidez

http://www.cdc.gov/features/alcoholpregnancy/

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/drinking-alcohol-during-pregnancy

http://www.babycenter.com/0_drinking-alcohol-during-pregnancy_3542.bc

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a3542/alcohol-during-pregnancy

http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/study-no-connection-between-drinking-alcohol-early-in-pregnancy-and-birth-problems-201309106667

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/alcohol-during-pregnancy.aspx

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/alcohol-medicines-drugs-pregnant.aspx#close

http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&np=122&id=1950

http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/gui245CPG1008E.pdf

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/pregnancy-and-alcohol/

https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/fertility-and-pregnancy/alcohol-and-pregnancy

https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/fertility-and-pregnancy/is-alcohol-harming-your-fertility

https://www.nofas.org/light-drinking/

http://www.today.com/parents/new-study-shows-no-harm-moderate-drinking-pregnancy-experts-urge-2D11849699

https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/patients/patient-information-leaflets/pregnancy/pi-alcohol-and-pregnancy.pdf

Alergias na gravidez

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/pregnancy-what-they-never-told-you

http://www.thebump.com/a/allergies-during-pregnancy

http://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-body/aches-pains/outsmarting-pregnancy-allergies/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/allergy-medications/faq-20058122

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/if-you-get-sick/allergies.aspx

https://www.allergyuk.org/causes-and-risks-of-allergy/allergies-during-pregnancy

https://www.allergyuk.org/causes-and-risks-of-allergy/allergies-and-the-unborn-child

http://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/allergy-avoidance

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/peanut-allergies-children-and-pregnancy.aspx

http://allergies.about.com/od/allergiesandpregnancy/a/allergypregnant.htm

Alfa-fetoproteinas na gravidez

http://www.tuotromedico.com/temas/alfafetoproteina_en_sangre.htm

http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/maternal-serum-alpha-fetoprotein-screening/

http://www.healthline.com/health/alpha-fetoprotein#Overview1

http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81169

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_alpha-fetoprotein

http://patient.info/doctor/alpha-fetoprotein

http://pennmedicine.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=14&pid=14&gid=000206

http://www.mydr.com.au/tests-investigations/alpha-fetoprotein-afp-tests-in-pregnancy

http://www.wsupgdocs.org/family-medicine/WayneStateContentPage.aspx?nd=1727

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/406646_2

http://www.babycenter.com/400_has-anyones-afp-blood-test-come-back-high-if-so-what-are-you_1800604_690.bc

https://www.glowm.com/resources/glowm/cd/pages/v3/v3c116.html

Alimentaçao na gravidez

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/your_pregnancy/eating_pregnancy.html

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/eating-for-two/

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/weight-gain-during-pregnancy.aspxhttp://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy-nutrition/art-20045082

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandnutrition.html

http://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy-eating-well

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/pregnancy-nutrition/

http://www.acog.org/-/media/For-Patients/faq001.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20151103T0950016750

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Am_I_Pregnant/hic_Good_Nutrition_During_Pregnancy_for_You_and_Your_Baby

http://www.livescience.com/45090-pregnancy-diet.html

http://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-body/nutrition/a-food-guide-for-pregnant-women/

Amniocentese

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/amniocentesis

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/amniocentesis/basics/definition/prc-2001452

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Amniocentesis/Pages/Introduction.aspx

http://www.medicinenet.com/amniocentesis/article.htm

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003921.htm

http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/amniocentesis/

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a327/amniocentesis

Anemia na gravidez

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/anemia-in-pregnancy

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/anemia-during-pregnancy/art-20114455

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/anemia/

http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/Pregnancy.aspx

http://www.babycenter.com/0_iron-deficiency-anemia-in-pregnancy_3073.bc

http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pregnancy-complicated-by-disease/anemia-in-pregnancy

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261586-overview

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/anemia.aspx

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-concerns/anemia-during-pregnancy/

http://www.medicinenet.com/anemia_in_pregnancy/views.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Anaemia-iron-deficiency-/Pages/Introduction.aspx~

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02428

http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy_childbirth/medical/anaemia/cfcom/en/

http://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-in-pregnancy

http://www.bcshguidelines.com/documents/UK_Guidelines_iron_deficiency_in_pregnancy.pdf

Anestesia obstetrica

http://teccir.blogspot.pt/2015/06/anestesia.html

Anfetaminas na gravidez

http://www.obgyn.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8545(05)70361-2/abstract

http://brochures.mater.org.au/Home/Brochures/Mater-Mothers-Hospital/Amphetamine-use-during-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding

http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/Methamphetamine-Abuse-in-Women-of-Reproductive-Age

http://www.obfocus.com/high-risk/amphetamine.htm

http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/drug-use-during-pregnancy/drug-use-during-pregnancy

 

 Como as drogas atravessam a placents

http://www.kemh.health.wa.gov.au/services/WANDAS/documents/02%20WADS%20RWH%20Amphetamines%20Information.pdf

http://www.uhs.nhs.uk/Media/Controlleddocuments/Patientinformation/Pregnancyandbirth/Ecstasyamphetaminesandpregnancy-patientinformation.pdf

http://www.namihelps.org/assets/PDFs/fact-sheets/Medications/Adderall.pdf

Anticoagulantes na gravidez

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802005000600007&tlng=es&lng=en&nrm=iso

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/164069-overview

http://www.isdbweb.org/documents/file/1554_9.pdf

http://www.ccjm.org/index.php?id=107937&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=361769&cHash=45abe21553d7013dd2f4b353987e8d91

http://www.melbournehaematology.com.au/fact-sheets/anticoagulation-blood-thinning-in-pregnancy.html

http://www.apicareonline.com/anticoagulation-therapy-during-pregnancy-and-puerperium/

Antidepressores na gravidez

http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sertraline.htmlhttp://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/sertraline-zoloft-pregnancy/

http://www.medicinesinpregnancy.org/Medicine--pregnancy/Sertraline/

http://www.drugwatch.com/symbyax/

http://www.webmd.com/baby/pregnancy-and-antidepressants

http://www.nhs.uk/news/2009/09September/Pages/Antidepressants-and-pregnancy.aspx

https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/antidepressants/antidepressants-in-pregnancy.aspx#.VlHrBxrMXIU

http://www.babycenter.com/404_is-it-safe-to-take-antidepressants-during-pregnancy_2343.bc

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/possible-risks-of-s-s-r-i-antidepressants-to-newborns/?_r=0

http://www.nps.org.au/publications/health-professional/health-news-evidence/2013/ssris-pregnancy

http://seleni.org/advice-support/article/depression-antidepressants-and-pregnancy

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=192468&ecd=mnl_dep_121515

Asma na gravidez

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy-and-asthma/art-20047303

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/asthma_in_pregnancy/article_em.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/796274-overview

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/asthma-pregnant.aspx#close

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/astpreg_qr.pdf

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/x536410/is-it-safe-to-use-an-asthma-inhaler-during-pregnancy

http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign101s72008.pdf

http://www.nationaljewish.org/healthinfo/conditions/asthma/associated-conditions/pregnancy/medications-and-pregnancy/

http://getasthmahelp.org/asthma-pregnancy.aspx

http://getasthmahelp.org/asthma-pregnancy-health-professional.aspx

http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=12630

http://www.uichildrens.org/asthma-and-pregnancy

Benzodiazepinas na gravidez

http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/512650_3

http://fetal-exposure.org/benzodiazepines/

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0815/p629.html

http://ireta.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Karol-Kaltenbach-Benzodiazepines-and-the-Pregnant-Patient-Special-Challenges.pdf

http://www.actaneurologica.be/acta/download/2010-2/04-Lepp%C3%A9e%20et%20al.pdf

Caimbras na gravidez

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/abdominal-pain-or-cramping.aspx

http://americanpregnancy.org/your-pregnancy/cramping-during-pregnancy/

http://www.babycenter.com/0_leg-cramps-during-pregnancy_250.bc

http://www.kidspot.com.au/birth/pregnancy/signs-and-symptoms/early-pregnancy-symptom-cramp-backache-and-bloating

http://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-body/aches-pains/cramping-during-pregnancy/

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/symptoms-and-solutions/leg-cramps.aspx

http://www.babymed.com/pregnancy-cramping-cramps

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/leg-cramps-during-pregnancy/faq-20057766

http://pregnancy.lovetoknow.com/menstrual-cramps-during-pregnancy

http://www.pregnancycorner.com/being-pregnant/pregnancy-pains/cramping-in-early-pregnancy.html

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/pregnancy-first-trimester-warning-signs

https://www.huggies.com.au/pregnancy/early-stages/cramps

Canabis na gravidez

http://learnaboutmarijuanawa.org/factsheets/reproduction.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy

http://norml.org/about/item/breathe-push-puff-pot-use-and-pregnancy-a-review-of-the-literature

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/marijuana/

http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Marijuana-Use-During-Pregnancy-and-Lactation

https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/marijuana-pregnancy/pdf/

http://www.healthline.com/health-news/children-cannabis-impairs-fetal-brain-development-012814#1

Cancro na gravidez

http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/pregnancy-breast-treatment-pdq

http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/reproductive-history-fact-sheet

http://www.cooperhealth.org/departments-programs/cancer-and-pregnancy

http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/news/20080418/breast-cancer-in-pregnancy-chemo-is-ok

http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/dating-sex-and-reproduction/cancer-during-pregnancy

http://www.cancer.net/survivorship/life-after-cancer/having-baby-after-cancer-pregnancy

http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/moreinformation/pregnancy-and-breast-cancer

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tumorsandpregnancy.html

http://sogc.org/publications/cancer-during-pregnancy/

http://www.cancertutor.com/pregnant_with_cancer/

http://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/TreatmentDuringPregnancy.html

http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/breast-cancer-during-pregnancy

https://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/living-beyond-breast-cancer/fertility-breast-cancer-treatment/breast-cancer-during-pregnancy

http://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/ovarian-cancer-pregnancy#Tests3

Gravidez molar

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/GTT/molar-pregnancy/about/what-is-a-molar-pregnancy

Coriocarcinoma

Ver TUMORES  GESTACIONAIS TROFOBLASTICOS

Cefaleias na gravidez

http://www.babycenter.com/0_headaches-during-pregnancy_2035.bc

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/headaches-during-pregnancy/faq-20058265

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/headaches-and-pregnancy/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/headaches-pregnant.aspx#close

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a536356/headaches-in-pregnancy

http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraine-headaches-and-pregnancy

http://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-body/aches-pains/pregnancy-headaches/

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/symptoms-and-solutions/headaches-during-pregnancy.aspx

Colestase na gravidez

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/basics/definition/con-20032985

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1562288-overview

http://patient.info/health/obstetric-cholestasis-leaflet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173503.php

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a552042/obstetric-cholestasis

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/

http://www.icpcare.org/overview.html

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/itching-obstetric-cholestasis-pregnant.aspx#close

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-of-intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy-(ICP).aspx

https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_43.pdf

http://www.britishlivertrust.org.uk/liver-information/liver-conditions/obstetric-cholestasis/

http://www.thebump.com/a/cholestasis-of-pregnancy

Complicaçoes da gravidez

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/

http://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pregnancy-complications

http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/pregnancy/a/pregnancycompli.htm

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/7-pregnancy-warning-signs

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregcomplications.htm

http://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy-complications

http://www.babycenter.com/0_7-pregnancy-complications-to-watch-out-for_10316818.bc

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/most-common/

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/third-trimester-complications#GestationalDiabetes2

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/complications/landing.aspx

http://www.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/pregnancy-children/conditions-threaten-womens-lives-childbirth-pregnancy/what-life-threatening-complication-pregnancy-and-childbirth

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/high-risk/conditioninfo/Pages/factors.aspx

http://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/labor-delivery/delivery-room-drama

Cuidados pre-natais

http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/prenatal-care.html

https://www.google.pt/?gws_rd=ssl#q=prenatal+care

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenatalcare.html

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/your_pregnancy/medical_care_pregnancy.html

https://www.icsi.org/_asset/13n9y4/Prenatal.pdf

http://www.medicinenet.com/pregnancy_prenatal_care_and_tests/article.htm

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0201/p199.html

https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/standards/prenatal_care/

Defeitos de nascimento

http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/prenatal-care.html

https://www.google.pt/?gws_rd=ssl#q=prenatal+care

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenatalcare.html

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/your_pregnancy/medical_care_pregnancy.html

https://www.icsi.org/_asset/13n9y4/Prenatal.pdf

http://www.medicinenet.com/pregnancy_prenatal_care_and_tests/article.htm

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0201/p199.html

https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/standards/prenatal_care/

Depressao post- parto

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/basics/definition/con-20029130

http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/

http://www.babycenter.com/0_postpartum-depression-and-anxiety_227.bc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/postpartumdepression.html

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007215.htm

http://www.postpartumprogress.com/the-symptoms-of-postpartum-depression-anxiety-in-plain-mama-english

http://www.helpguide.org/articles/depression/postpartum-depression-and-the-baby-blues.htm

http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/ppd.html

https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/depression-pregnancy.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/postpartum_depression/article.htm

http://www.apa.org/pi/women/resources/reports/postpartum-dep.aspx

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/postnataldepression/pages/introduction.aspx

http://www.1800ppdmoms.org/

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/

https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/postpartum-psychiatric-disorders/?doing_wp_cron=1447091331.3238239288330078125000

Despiste pre-natal

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/prenatal-testing/art-20045177

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/your-guide-prenatal-testing

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenataltesting.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/screening-tests-abnormality-pregnant.aspx#close

http://www.prenatalscreeningontario.ca/Default.aspx?cid=13&lang=1

http://sogc.org/publications/prenatal-screening/

http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/prenatal_tests.html

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/prenatal-tests.aspx

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/prenatal-testing#Ultrasound2

http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/PRENATAL/PRENATAL.html

http://www.health.wa.gov.au/docreg/Education/Prevention/Genetics/HP3131_prenatal.pdf

Diabetes  gestacional

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/basics/definition/con-2001485

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/gestational-diabetes/Pages/Introduction.aspx

http://www.babycenter.com/0_gestational-diabetes_2058.bc

http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/gestational-diabetes-guide/gestational_diabetes

https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/managing-gestational-diabetes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes

http://www.medicinenet.com/gestational_diabetes/article.htm

Doenças da tiroide na gravidez

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261913-overview

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/pregnancy-and-thyroid-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx

http://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-disease-pregnancy/

http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid/thyroid-problems-pregnancy

http://www.medicinenet.com/hypothyroidism_during_pregnancy/article.htm

http://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-disease-in-pregnancy

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/thyroid_preg.html

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0215/p273.html

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0515/p2158.html

http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/thyroid-disease.html

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/thyroid_problems/page2_em.htm

http://www.thyroidawareness.com/the-thyroid-and-pregnancy

http://www.hormone.org/patient-guides/2012/hypothyroidism-after-pregnancy

Dores nas costas na gravidez

http://www.babycenter.com/0_low-back-pain-during-pregnancy_9402.bc

http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/pregnancy-and-back-pain/types-back-pain-pregnancy

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/back-pain-in-pregnancy

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy/art-2004608

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306025/

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/back-pain-during-pregnancy/

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/719230_3

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a549312/back-pain-in-pregnancy-natural-remedies

http://www.spineuniverse.com/conditions/back-pain/back-pain-during-pregnancy

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/symptoms-and-solutions/backache.aspx

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/backache-pregnant.aspx#close

http://www.sw.org/HealthLibrary?page=Back%20Pain%20in%20Pregnancy

http://www.babble.com/pregnancy/back-pain-relief/#good-posture

http://bubandbeyondfitness.com/back-pain-during-pregnancy/

Enjoos na gravidez

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_sickness

http://www.epigee.org/pregnancy/morning_sickness.html

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/pregnancy_vomiting/article_em.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_sickness

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a549842/morning-sickness-nausea-and-vomiting-in-pregnancy

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/morning-sickness/basics/definition/con-20033445

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/morning-sickness-nausea.aspx#close

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/your_pregnancy/hyperemesis_gravidarum.html

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/battle-morning-sickness

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003119.htm

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-morning-sickness

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/morning-sickness/

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/morning-sickness.aspx

Erupçao polimorfica da gravidez

http://www.dermnetnz.org/reactions/puppp.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123725-overview

http://www.bad.org.uk/library-media%5Cdocuments%5CPolymorphic%20eruption%20of%20pregnancy%20Update%20Jan%202014%20-%20lay%20reviewed%20Jan%202014.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruritic_urticarial_papules_and_plaques_of_pregnancy

https://www.dermcoll.edu.au/atoz/polymorphic-eruption-pregnancy/

Exercicio na gravidez

http://www.fitpregnancy.com/exercise/prenatal-workouts/5-simple-pregnancy-exercises-every-trimester

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/multimedia/pregnancy-exercises/sls-20076779

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a7880/the-best-exercises-in-pregnancy

http://www.webmd.com/baby/ss/slideshow-pregnancy-fitness-moves

http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-best-kinds-of-exercise-for-pregnancy_7880.bc

http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-13-rules-of-safe-pregnancy-exercise_622.bc

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/290217.php

http://www.womenshealthmag.com/mom/pregnancy-exercises-for-the-first-trimester

http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_center/staying_fit/exercising_pregnancy.html

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/first-trimester-exercise-fitness#WhatToAvoid2

http://www.thebump.com/a/tool-pregnancy-workout-plan

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/pregnancy-exercise.aspx#close

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/exercises-for-pregnant-women

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/exercise-and-pregnancy/

Fadiga na gravidez

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/fatigue.asp

http://www.babycenter.com/0_fatigue-during-pregnancy_2911.bc

http://americanpregnancy.org/your-pregnancy/fatigue-during-pregnancy/

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a2911/tiredness-in-pregnancy

http://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/best-natural-ways-fight-pregnancy-fatigue

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/tiredness-sleep-pregnant.aspx#close

http://www.madeformums.com/pregnancy/tiredness-in-pregnancy/32679.html

http://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-you/health/secrets-to-fighting-pregnancy-fatigue

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/beat-fatigue#3ttp://

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/pregnancy/pregnancy-fatigue/

Falha precoce da gravidez  (blighted ovum)

http://www.babycenter.com/0_early-pregnancy-failure-blighted-ovum_1355753.bc

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/blighted-ovum/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anembryonic_gestation

http://hubpages.com/health/misdiagnosedblightedovum

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/blighted-ovum

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/blighted-ovum

http://www.newkidscenter.com/Blighted-Ovum.html

http://www.misdiagnosedmiscarriage.com/blightedovum.html

http://natural-fertility-info.com/what-is-blighted-ovum-pregnancy-loss.html

Fetus in fetu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus_in_fetu

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810823/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208714/

http://www.medicaldaily.com/medical-mysteries-chinese-baby-born-pregnant-twins-abdomen-due-fetus-fetu-condition-321568

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/fetus-in-fetu

http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/08/the-fetus-in-fetu/

http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiology.214.3.r00mr32735

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/14/88

http://www.omjournal.org/casereports/fulltext/201004/fetusinfetu.html

http://medind.nic.in/gaa/t14/i1/gaat14i1p21.pdf

http://www.womens-health.co.uk/blighted.html

Fistula obstetrica

https://www.fistulafoundation.org/what-is-fistula/fast-facts-faq/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_fistula

https://www.fistulafoundation.org/what-is-fistula/fast-facts-faq/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_fistula

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621054/

http://www.directrelief.org/focus/maternal-and-child-health/obstetric-fistula/

http://iwhp.sogc.org/index.php?page=obstetric-fistula

http://www.fistulacare.org/pages/pdf/Training/Module_6_Obstetric_fistula_causes_and_factors_Fistula_Care.pdf

https://www.fightfistula.org/how-does-obstetric-fistula-happen/

https://www.fistulafoundation.org/what-is-fistula/fast-facts-faq/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_fistula

4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621054/

http://www.directrelief.org/focus/maternal-and-child-health/obstetric-fistula/

http://iwhp.sogc.org/index.php?page=obstetric-fistula

http://www.fistulacare.org/pages/pdf/Training/Module_6_Obstetric_fistula_causes_and_factors_Fistula_Care.pdf

https://www.fightfistula.org/how-does-obstetric-fistula-happen/

Gravidez de alto risco

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/high-risk/conditioninfo/Pages/factors.aspx

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/high-risk-pregnancy/art-20047012

http://www.webmd.com/baby/managing-a-high-risk-pregnancy

http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/high-risk-pregnancy/risk-factors-for-complications-during-pregnancy

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregcomplications.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/risk-factors#Age3

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/ask-heidi/high-risk-pregnancy.aspx

http://www.webmd.boots.com/pregnancy/guide/pregnancy-after-35

 Gravidez ectopica

http://www.womens-health.co.uk/ectopic.asp

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/ectopic_pregnancy/article_em.htm

http://www.medicinenet.com/ectopic_pregnancy/article.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/pregnancy-ectopic-pregnancy

http://www.medicinenet.com/ectopic_pregnancy/article.htm

http://www.livescience.com/51711-ectopic-pregnancy.html

 

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000895.htm

 

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000895.htm

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a549381/ectopic-pregnancy

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/ectopic-pregnancy

http://patient.info/health/ectopic-pregnancy-leaflet

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/ectopic-pregnancy/

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/ectopic-pregnancy

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/your_pregnancy/ectopic.html

http://www.tommys.org/pregnancy/LOSS/ectopic-

Gravidez na esclerose multipla

http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation/multiple_sclerosis_and_pregnancy_85,P01160/http://www.webmd.com/multiple-http://www.nationalmssociety.org/Living-Well-With-MS/Family-and-Relationships/Pregnancy

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/ccf/media/files/Neurological-Institute/mellen-center/ms-and-pregnancy.pdf

https://www.mssociety.org.uk/what-is-ms/womens-health/pregnancy-and-birth

http://www.healthline.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/pregnancy-safe#Resources8

https://overcomingms.org/ms-a-to-z/ms-encyclopedia/pregnancy-and-ms/

http://msfocus.org/article-details.aspx?articleID=29

http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/encyclopedia/en/article/248/1

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/multiple-sclerosis-and-pregnancy.aspx

http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/06/02/317355068/pregnancy-hormone-may-reduce-multiple-sclerosis-symptoms

http://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/ms-management-guide/effects-of-pregnancy/

http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/127/6/1353

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2009000400015

Gravidez e doenças reumaticas

http://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Patient-Caregiver/Diseases-Conditions/Living-Well-with-Rheumatic-Disease/Pregnancy-Rheumatic-Disease

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811740

http://www.arthritis-research.com/content/13/1/206

http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/733031

https://rheumors.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/pregnancy.pdf

http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/09/01/rheumatology.ker302.full

http://www.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/bones-joints/rheumatoid-arthritis/pregnancy-breastfeeding

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Rheumatoid-Arthritis-and-Pregnancy.aspx

http://www.ucb.com/patients/Conditions/immunology-inflammation/ra

http://albertarheumatology.com/inflammatory-arthritis/rheumatoid-arthritis/rheumatoid-arthritis-pregnancy/

Gravidez molar

Ver CANCRO NA GRAVIDEZ

Gravidez multipla

http://americanpregnancy.org/multiples/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/twin-pregnancy/art-20048161

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/11-things-you-didnt-know-about-twin-pregnancies

http://www.babycenter.com/0_pregnant-with-multiples-potential-complications_3584.bc

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/multiples-twins-triplets-and-beyond.aspx

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/twins-and-multiples/landing.aspx

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/preparing_parenthood/multiple_births.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_birth

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a3787/pregnant-with-twins-what-to-expect

http://multiples.about.com/od/pregnancy/tp/aatpsigns.htm

http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Multiple-Pregnancy

Gravidez na SIDA

http://www.babycenter.com/0_hiv-aids-during-pregnancy_1427384.bc

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/hiv-aids-during-pregnancy/

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hivaidsandpregnancy.html

https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/24/72/the-use-of-hiv-medicines-during-pregnancy

https://www.womenshealth.gov/hiv-aids/living-with-hiv-aids/pregnancy-and-hiv.html

http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html

http://aidsetc.org/guide/care-hiv-infected-pregnant-women

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1385488-overview

http://www.aidsmap.com/Pregnancy-and-birth/page/1550310/

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/hiv.aspx

HELLP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HELLP_syndrome

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000890.htm

http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0901/p829.html

http://www.preeclampsia.org/health-information/hellp-syndrome

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1394126-overview

http://www.healthline.com/health/hellp-syndrome#Overview1

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/hellp-syndrome/

http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0901/p829.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8430

http://patient.info/doctor/hellp-syndrome

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/9/8

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/hellp/

http://www.physio-pedia.com/HELLP_Syndrome

http://action-on-pre-eclampsia.org.uk/pre-eclampsia-information/hellp/

Hemorragias na gravidez

http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/bleeding-during-pregnancy/basics/definition/sym-20050636

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/bleeding-during-pregnancy

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/bleeding-during-pregnancy/

http://www.babycenter.com/0_vaginal-bleeding-or-spotting-during-pregnancy_3081.bc

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/pregnancy/bleeding-during-pregnancy/

http://www.acog.org/-/media/For-Patients/faq038.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20151117T0809087908

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/pregnancy_bleeding/article_em.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/vaginal-bleeding-pregnant.aspx

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/symptoms-and-solutions/vaginal-spotting.aspx

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/bleeding-and-spotting-from-the-vagina-during-pregnancy.aspx

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/second-trimester-pain-bleeding-discharge#Overview1

http://www.bounty.com/pregnancy-and-birth/pregnancy/pregnancy-other-conditions/bleeding-and-spotting-in-pregnancy

Hemorroidas na gravidez

http://www.babycenter.com/0_hemorrhoids-during-pregnancy_244.bc

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/symptoms-and-solutions/hemorrhoids.aspx

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/hemorrhoids.aspx

http://www.babble.com/pregnancy/managing-hemorrhoids-during-pregnancy

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/pregnancy/hemorrhoids-treatment-and-causes/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278306/

https://www.huggies.com.au/pregnancy/care/haemorrhoids

http://www.wikihow.com/Prevent-Hemorrhoids-During-Pregnancy

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a244/piles-in-pregnancy

http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/hemorrhoids_and_what_to_do_about_them

Hidramnios

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydramnios

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000599.htm

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/complications/hydramnios.aspx

http://pennmedicine.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=14&pid=14&gid=000197

http://reference.medscape.com/article/975821-overview

http://www.babycenter.com/0_excessive-amniotic-fluid-polyhydramnios_1200199.bc

http://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

http://www.healthline.com/health-blogs/fruit-womb/amniotic-fluid-8-evaluation-and-management-polyhydramnios

http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2000;volume=46;issue=3;spage=176;epage=8;aulast=Abhyankar

http://www.womenfitness.net/hr_hydramnios.htm

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/

Hidropsia fetal

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007308.htm

 

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974571-overview

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/hydrops-fetalis

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02374

http://perinatology.com/conditions/Hydrops.htm

http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/October2013-CPG297-ENG-Online_Final.pdf

http://patient.info/doctor/hydrops-fetalis

http://www.chw.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/infant-complications/hydrops-fetalis-erythroblastosis-fetalis/

http://www.exxcellence.org/pearls.php?id=15

https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/pdf/manuals/57_Hydrops.pdf

http://www.fetalsono.com/teachfiles/nihfpar.lasso

http://www.ajog.org/pb/assets/raw/Health%20Advance/journals/ymob/YMOB_10177.pdf

http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=363999

http://www.omim.org/entry/236750

http://www.hydropsfetalis.org/About_hydrops_fetalis.html

http://www.briannamariefoundation.com/fetal-hydrops.html

http://eradiology.bidmc.harvard.edu/LearningLab/genito/hima.pdf

Hipertensao gestacional

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261435-overview

http://www.gynob.com/htiup.htm

http://www.babycenter.com/0_gestational-hypertension-pregnancy-induced-hypertension_1427402.bc

http://www.babycenter.com/0_chronic-hypertension-during-pregnancy_1427404.bc

http://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-in-pregnancy

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/hbp-pregnancy

http://www.gentlebirth.org/archives/pih.html

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Am_I_Pregnant/hic_Premature_Labor/hic_Pregnancy-Induced_Hypertension

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/pregnancy-induced-hypertension/

http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Preeclampsia-and-High-Blood-Pressure-During-Pregnancy

http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-induced-hypertension.html

http://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/during-pregnancy#Overview1

Incompatibilidade Rh

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001600.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/797150-overview

http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/rh-incompatibility

http://www.healthline.com/health/rh-incompatibility#RiskFactors2

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/your_pregnancy/rh.html

http://www.msdmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/complications-of-pregnancy/rh-incompatibility

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease

http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/The-Rh-Factor-How-It-Can-Affect-Your-Pregnancy

http://www.nationwidechildrens.org/rh-incompatibility

https://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/rh-incompatibility

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11962

http://www.thebump.com/a/rh-negative

http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn-90-P02368

https://www.gbhealthwatch.com/rhincompatibility-details.php

http://cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/blood-incompatibility/

Infecçoes na gravidez

http://www.babycenter.com/0_infections-that-can-affect-pregnancy_9223.bc

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/pregnancy-infections.aspx#close

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a536350/infections-to-watch-out-for-in-pregnancy

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235054-overview

http://sogc.org/publications/group-b-streptococcus-gbs-infection-in-pregnancy/

http://patient.info/health/urine-infection-in-pregnancy

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-bacterial-vaginosis#Overview1

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=160691

http://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/infections.html

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/yeast-infections-during-pregnancy/

http://www.thebump.com/a/yeast-infection-during-pregnancy

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/fifth-disease-and-pregnancy.aspx

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/cytomegalovirus-infection/

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/listeria/

Medicamentos na gravidez

http://www.rphworld.com/pharmacist/link-475.html

http://www.perinatology.com/exposures/druglist.htm

http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/drugs-in-pregnancy/drugs-in-pregnancy

http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy-categories.htm

http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a541318/illegal-drugs-in-pregnancy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy

http://www.webmd.com/baby/drug-use-and-pregnancy

http://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/

http://www.motherisk.org/women/drugs.jsp

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810038/

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/street-drugs-and-pregnancy.aspx

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/illegal-drugs-during-pregnancy/

http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/drugs-pregnancy.htm

http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/ucm118567.htm

http://sogc.org/publications/medications-and-drugs-before-and-during-pregnancy/

 Mudança das mamas na gravidez

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/breast-changes-during-pregnancy/

http://www.babycenter.com/0_breast-changes-during-pregnancy_262.bc

http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/moreinformation/pregnancy-and-breast-cancer

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/symptoms-and-solutions/breast-tenderness.aspx

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/pregnancy/breast-changes-during-pregnancy/

http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/National/Breast%20Cancer%20Care/assets/BreastchangesduringandafterpregnancyBCC22pages.pdf

http://www.newkidscenter.com/Breast-Changes-During-Pregnancy.html

http://www.babble.com/pregnancy/breast-changes-during-pregnancy/

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/breast-changes.aspx

https://www.breastfeedingbasics.com/articles/breast-pregnancy

http://www.madeformums.com/pregnancy/how-your-breasts-change-in-pregnancy/188.html

http://www.pregnancycorner.com/pregnant/pregnancy-symptoms/breast-tenderness.html

http://www.motherandbaby.co.uk/pregnancy-and-birth/pregnancy/pregnancy-health-conditions-explained/puffy-nipples-leaks-and-other-surprising-breast-changes-in-pregnancy

Obstipaçao na gravidez

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418980/

http://www.babycenter.com.au/a549293/constipation-natural-remedies

http://www.enkivillage.com/when-does-constipation-start-in-pregnancy.htm

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/symptoms-and-solutions/constipation.aspx

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/pregnancy/constipation-during-pregnancy/

http://www.cfp.ca/content/58/8/836.full

Oligohidramnios

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligohydramnios

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/405914-overview

http://reference.medscape.com/article/975821-overview

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a568740/low-amniotic-fluid

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/oligohydramnios/

http://patient.info/doctor/oligohydramnios

http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/oligohydramnios

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02430

Pele na gravidez 

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a222/skin-changes-during-pregnancy

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/womenshealth/facts/skinrash_pregnancy.htm

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/skin-changes.aspx

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/skin-changes-during-pregnancy/

http://www.thebump.com/a/top-6-annoying-pregnancy-skin-issues-how-to-deal

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/skin-problems-of-pregnancy

http://patient.info/health/obstetric-cholestasis-leaflet

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000611.htm

http://www.madeformums.com/pregnancy/9-pregnancy-skin-changes/350.html

http://www.eadv.org/patient-corner/leaflets/eadv-leaflets/common-skin-changes-during-pregnancy/

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0115/p211.html

Estrias da gravidez

Melasma

Prurigo



Pemphigoid gestationis



Impetigo herpetiforme

http://www.babycenter.in/a222/skin-changes-during-pregnancy

http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Skin-Conditions-During-Pregnancy

Peso fetal

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a1004000/average-fetal-length-and-weight-chart

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262865-overview

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/fetal-development/art-20045997?pg=2

http://www.babyyourbaby.org/pregnancy/during-pregnancy/fetal-chart.php

http://www.baby2see.com/medical/charts.html

http://www.pregnancysymptomsweekbyweek.org/Baby_Growth_Chart_Average_Weekly_Size_3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437780/

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.4019/pdf

http://www.indiaparenting.com/pregnancy/week-by-week-fetal-development/index.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_weight#/media/File:Weight_vs_gestational_Age.jpg

http://www.livestrong.com/article/208955-how-much-weight-does-a-baby-gain-in-the-third-trimester/

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/970973/

Pica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(disorder)

http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-pica

http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/pica.html

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001538.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914765-overview

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/unusual-cravings-pica/

Placenta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta

 

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/placenta/art-20044425

http://www.placentajournal.org/

http://www.healthline.com/health/placenta-previa#RiskFactors3

Placenta previa

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000900.htm

Placenta normal

Placenta previa

http://www.babycenter.com/0_placenta-previa_830.bc

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/placenta/art-20044425

http://www.placentajournal.org/

http://www.healthline.com/health/placenta-previa#RiskFactors3

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/placenta-previa/basics/definition/con-20032219

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta_praevia

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262063-overview

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/placenta-previa/

http://www.medicinenet.com/pregnancy_placenta_previa/article.htm

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/placenta-previa

Psicologia da gravidez

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000900.htm

http://health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and-parenting/pregnancy/issues/understanding-psychological-changes-during-pregnancy.htm

https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-23/edition-3/what-psychological-about-normal-pregnancy

https://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Psychology%2520of%2520Reproduction%3A%2520Pregnancy,%2520Parenthood,%2520and%2520Parental%2520Ties/item/418

http://www.goodtherapy.org/therapy-for-pregnancy-and-birthing.html

http://en.reamaternity.gr/page.aspx?id=1015

http://www.apa.org/pi/disability/resources/publications/newsletter/2011/12/pregnancy-disability.aspx

http://www.prochoiceforum.org.uk/psy_ocr2.php

Pre- eclampsia

http://www.womens-health.co.uk/hyperten.asp

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1476919-overview

http://www.medicinenet.com/pregnancy_preeclampsia_and_eclampsia/article.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/basics/definition/con-20031644

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000898.htm

http://www.babycenter.com/0_preeclampsia_257.bc

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a257/pre-eclampsia

http://www.livescience.com/51401-what-is-preeclampsia.html

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Pre-eclampsia/Pages/Introduction.aspx

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/preeclampsia/

http://www.tommys.org/pregnancy/problems/pre-eclampsia

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/252025.php

http://patient.info/health/pre-eclampsia-leaflet

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-pre-eclampsia

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/preeclampsia/

Restriçoes ao crescimento intrauterino

htt://www.webmd.com/baby/iugr-intrauterine-growth-restriction

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001500.htm

http://www.babycenter.com/0_intrauterine-growth-restriction-iugr_1427406.bc

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/intrauterine-growth-restriction/

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/complications/intrauterine-growth-restriction.aspx

http://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-growth-restriction

http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/endocrine/iugr.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261226-overview

http://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0801/p453.html

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02462

http://www.tommys.org/page.aspx?pid=990

http://www.mountsinai.on.ca/care/placenta-clinic/complications/placentalinsufficiency/iugr

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/asymmetrical-intra-uterine-growth-restriction-1

http://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury/causes/intrauterine-growth-restriction/

Ruptura intrauterina das membranas

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0215/p659.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261137-overview

http://www.compleatmother.com/prom.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_rupture_of_membranes

http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/dtc/primsurg/docbook/html/x6352.html

http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Preterm%20Premature%20Rupture%20of%20the%20Membranes/item/120

http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-and-complications-of-labor-and-delivery/premature-rupture-of-membranes-prom

http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2004/07000/Preterm_Premature_Rupture_of_Membranes,.12.aspx

http://www.jsog.org/GuideLines/Preterm_prelabour_rupture_of_membranes.pdf

http://www.rcht.nhs.uk/DocumentsLibrary/RoyalCornwallHospitalsTrust/Clinical/MidwiferyAndObstetrics/RuptureOfMembranesGuidelineForTheManagementOfPretermPrelabour.pdf http://patient.info/doctor/labour-active-management-and-induction

Sindroma  da transfusao gemeo a gemeo

http://www.avert.org/hiv-transmission-prevention/pregnancy-childbirth-breastfeeding

http://rarediseases.about.com/od/rarediseasest/a/031905.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271752-overview

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001595.htm

http://americanpregnancy.org/multiples/twin-to-twin-transfusion-syndrome/

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271752-overview

http://www.healthline.com/health/twin-to-twin-transfusion-syndrome#Diagnosis5

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/twin-twin-transfusion-syndrome-1

http://med.brown.edu/pedisurg/Fetal/FetalProgramTTTSNarrative.html

http://www.chw.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/infant-complications/twin-to-twin-transfusion-syndrome/

Tabagismo na gravidez

http://www.babycenter.com/0_how-smoking-during-pregnancy-affects-you-and-your-baby_1405720.bc

http://www.webmd.com/baby/smoking-during-pregnancy

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/smoking-during-pregnancy/

http://www.mothertobabyca.org/high-times-for-marijuana-clearing-the-smoke-about-marijuana-use-during-pregnancy/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/smoking-and-pregnancy/art-20047021

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/smoking-pregnant.aspx#close

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-and-smoking

http://www.tommys.org/page.aspx?pid=771

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/smoking-during-pregnancy.aspx

Testes para a gravidez

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_test

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003432.htm

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/pregnancy-tests

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/pregnancy-test.aspx#close

http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/948.aspx?CategoryID=54&SubCategoryID=127

http://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/understanding-pregnancy-tests/

http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/pregnancy-test.html

http://www.madeformums.com/pregnancy/how-soon-can-you-take-a-pregnancy-test/36141.html

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003432.

Toxicodependencia na gravidez

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024264/

http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0871-34132005000300003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence

http://repositorio.chlc.min-saude.pt/bitstream/10400.17/1015/1/Revista%20SPA%202009%2022.pdf

http://druglibrary.eu/library/reports/belgium/4.htm

Tumores gestacionais trofoblasticos

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/GTT/

http://imsdd.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062699.html

http://www.cancer.org/cancer/gestationaltrophoblasticdisease/index

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254657-overview

http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/gestational-trophoblastic-disease

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/p/placental_site_gestational_trophoblastic_tumor/intro.htm

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001496.htm

http://www.cancer.gov/types/gestational-trophoblastic

http://www.cancer.gov/types/gestational-trophoblastic/patient/gtd-treatment-pdq

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_trophoblastic_disease

http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/gestational-trophoblastic-disease

Ultrassonografia fetal

http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/

http://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-ultrasound

http://pregnancy.about.com/od/fetus/a/uswbw.htm

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003778.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/fetal-ultrasound/basics/definition/prc-20014506

http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/gynecology/fetal_ultrasound_92,P09031/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788813/

https://www.glowm.com/ultrasoundAtlas

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/c1044600/fetal-ultrasound-images-month-by-month

http://www.isuog.org/nr/rdonlyres/9225e408-c904-4a7f-84ae-812e456fbddd/0/isuog1sttguidelines2013.pdf

http://www.livescience.com/32071-history-of-fetal-ultrasound.html

http://www.aium.org/resources/guidelines/obstetric.pdf

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=92&ContentID=P09031

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/second-trimester-ultrasound-scan

Parto

 Directorios

http://pennmedicine.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=14&pid=14&gid=000002

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbirth.html

http://www.childbirth.org/

Textos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

 

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbirth.html

Estadios do parto

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a177/the-stages-of-childbirth

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/first-stage-of-labor/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/stages-of-labor/art-20046545

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/labor-and-delivery/childbirth-stages/three-phases-of-labor.aspx

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/childbirth-stages-delivery

http://www.naturalbirthandbabycare.com/labor-and-birth/

Cordao umbilical

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord

http://www.babycenter.com/0_caring-for-your-newborns-umbilical-cord-stump_127.bc

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001926.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/umbilical-cord/art-20048250

 

http://americanpregnancy.org/first-year-of-life/umbilical-cord/

http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/tc/umbilical-cord-care-topic-overview

Expulsao da placenta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_expulsion

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/275304-overview

http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-three-stages-of-labor-dilation-expulsion-placental.html

http://library.med.utah.edu/nmw/mod2/Tutorial2/norm_phys.html

 

http://www.givingbirthnaturally.com/placenta-delivery.html

http://www.pregnancy-yoga-resource.com/placenta-delivery.html

http://patient.info/doctor/retained-placenta

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0315/p1025.html

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jp/2014/274651/

http://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=274&printable=1

Informação especializada

Apagamento

http://www.justmommies.com/articles/effacement-and-dilation.shtml

http://pregnancy.familyeducation.com/signs-and-stages-of-labor/slideshow/66291.html

 

 While you are pregnant, your cervix is usually around 2 to 3 cm long. In late pregnancy or early labor, Braxton Hicks' practice contractions start to shorten the cervix, a process known as effacement. Most women have a cervix that has shortened to 1 cm during the very early stages of labor. This is also referred to as 50 percent effaced. As the cervix continues to shorten, the cervix is gradually drawn up by the uterus, and by the time it is 100 percent effaced, the cervix will have started to open.

 Cesareana

http://www.babycenter.com/0_c-sections-giving-birth-by-cesarean-section_160.bc

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cesareansection.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/cesarean-procedure/

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/childbirth/c_sections.html

http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Cesarean-Birth-C-Section

http://www.childbirthconnection.org/article.asp?ck=10164

http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/c-section/basics/definition/prc-20014571

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/cesarean-section-topic-overview

http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/post-cesarean-wound-infection#Symptoms3

Complicaçoes do  parto

http://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/labor-delivery/delivery-room-drama

http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/childbirth-complications

http://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-labor-delivery-complications-basics

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbirthproblems.html

http://www.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/pregnancy-children/conditions-threaten-womens-lives-childbirth-pregnancy/what-life-threatening-complication-pregnancy-and-childbirth

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/c513/labour-complications

http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43972/1/9241545879_eng.pdf

http://www.pregnancycorner.com/giving-birth/complications.html

http://www.childbirth.org/articles/labor/laborcomp.html

Distocia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_labour

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_obstructedlabour.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275845/

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/455965_3

http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/67/1/191.full

http://www.slideshare.net/rajud521/obstructed-labour-4105880

http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/dtc/primsurg/docbook/html/x5609.html

http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/72/1/291s.full

http://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/february-2013/the-baby-has-not-come-obstructed-labour.html

http://www.gfmer.ch/Obstetrics_simplified/obstructed_labour.htm

http://www.fistulacare.org/pages/pdf/Training/Module_5_Prevention_of_prolongued_and_obstructed_labor_Fistula_Care.pdf

https://www.glowm.com/pdf/AIP%20Chap4%20Management%20of%20Labour.pdf

http://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=277&printable=1

 

Episiotomia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episiotomy

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/episiotomy/art-20047282

http://www.babycenter.com/0_episiotomy_165.bc

http://www.medicinenet.com/episiotomy/article.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/episiotomy.aspx

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/episiotomy/

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a165/episiotomy

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000482.htm

Induçao do parto

http://www.babycenter.com/0_inducing-labor_173.bc

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/inducing-labor/art-20047557

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/inducing-labor/

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/inducing-labor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_induction

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/childbirth/inductions.html

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/induction-labour.aspx#close

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/labor-induction/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595289/

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/birth/how-to-bring-on-labour-naturally/

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/birth/induction-of-labour-to-induce-or-not-induce/

http://www.lamaze.org/Letstalkinduction

Parto de costas

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/back-labor/

http://www.babycenter.com/0_back-labor_1451580.bc

http://www.babycenter.com/0_postpartum-back-pain-how-to-get-relief_1152191.bc

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/expert-answers/back-labor/faq-20058547

http://www.storknet.com/cubbies/childbirth/posteriorlabor.htm

http://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/childbirth/1071718-Anyone-had-a-back-to-back-OP-position-Labour-Birth-for-first-baby

Parto de  multiplos

https://en.wikipedisa.org/wiki/Multiple_birth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_birth

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/preparing_parenthood/multiple_births.html

http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/twins-and-multiples/giving-birth/multiple-birth-experience.aspx

http://www.marvelousmultiples.com/classes.html

http://americanpregnancy.org/multiples/complications/

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/twinstripletsmultiplebirths.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595257/

http://pregnancy.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Multiple_Births

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/multiple-pregnancy-twins-or-more-topic-overview

https://www.huggies.com.au/childbirth/multiple-births

Parto natural

http://www.babycenter.com/natural-childbirth~

http://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/labor-delivery/ask-labor-nurse/7-tips-having-natural-childbirth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_childbirth

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/childbirth/natural_childbirth.html

https://mamanaturalbirth.com/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595040/

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/natural-childbirth-techniques/

http://wellnessmama.com/6657/natural-birth-options/

http://www.naturalbirthandbabycare.com/natural-birth/

Parto prematuro

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-birth/basics/definition/con-20020050

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth

http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/newborn/care_of_preterm/en/

http://www.acog.org/~/media/For%20Patients/faq173.pdf

http://www.acog.org/~/media/For%20Patients/faq087.pdf

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/premature-labor/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696314

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prematurebabies.html

http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/premature-infant-delivery-of-your-premature-infant

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/premature-early-labour.aspx#close

Posiçoes no parto

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth_positions

http://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/labor-delivery/position-statement

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/multimedia/fetal-positions/sls-20076615

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/multimedia/fetal-positions/sls-20076615

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a544483/positions-for-labour

http://www.babycenter.com/0_positions-for-labor-and-birth_10309507.bc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth_positions

http://evidencebasedbirth.com/what-is-the-evidence-for-pushing-positions/

http://www.natural-pregnancy-midwife.com/positions-for-birth.html

Tecnicas do parto

http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/natural-childbirth-techniques/

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a544499/breathing-techniques-for-labour

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaze_technique

http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-lamaze-method-of-childbirth_640.bc

http://www.babycenter.com/natural-childbirth

http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-bradley-method-of-childbirth_631.bc

http://www.mumsnet.com/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/breathing-techniques

http://www.bradleybirth.com/faqs.aspx

http://wellnessmama.com/6657/natural-birth-options/

http://www.netmums.com/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/what-happens-in-labour/relaxation-breathing-techniques-for-labour-birth

http://wellnessmama.com/6657/natural-birth-options/

Traumatismos no nascimento

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_trauma_(physical)

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/980112-overview

http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/problems-in-newborns/birth-injury

http://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury/types/birth-trauma/

http://www.traumaticbraininjury.com/birth-trauma/

http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=birth-injury-90-P02340

http://patient.info/doctor/birth-injuries-to-the-baby

http://sarahockwell-smith.com/2012/11/04/5-reasons-why-your-birth-can-affect-your-baby-and-your-parenting/

http://www.abclawcenters.com/blog/2012/01/22/birth-trauma-head-trauma-during-72581/

http://www.healthpages.org/pregnancy/birth-injuries-birth-trauma/

http://www.craniosacral-therapy-information.org.uk/Articles/Birth%20trauma%20-%20a%20baby's%20view.pdf

http://www.atdlaw.com/obstetrical-malpractice/

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a1011239/how-to-recover-after-a-traumatic-birth

http://www.cesareanvoices.com/emerson.html

CICLO OVÁRICO

Ovogénese

Embrião

Em contraste com o homem a ovogénese começa no embrião

As celulas  germinais (ovogónias) dividem-se por mitose para formar mais ovogónias e ovocitos primários

O pico máximo atinge-se às 20 semanas, altura em que haverá 6 a 7 milhões

No nascimento haverá 1 a 2 milhões

Fizeram os primeiros passos da meiose (meiose I) e pararam

http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/3ESO/apararep/fisiofem.htm

Maturidade

Até à criança se tornar sexualmente madura não haverá mais desenvolvimento

Os ovocitos primários retomarão então o seu desenvolvimento completando a meiose I dando um pequeno corpo polar e um ovocito secundário

O  ovocito secundário entra na meiose II mas para na metáfase

http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/chapter7section2.rhtml

Fecundação

Termina-se o desenvolvimento

Fases do ciclo

Fase folicular

Transformação do folículo primordial em primário

As células que rodeiam o ovocito de primeira ordem crescem e o ovocito aumenta

Transformação em secundário

As células foliculares tornam-se granulosas por passarem a ter váriascamadas

Estas células estão ligadas ao ovocito por junções abertas que deixam passar iões, metabolitos e moléculas de sinalização

Um dos sinais desencadeia a maturação do ovocito

Uma camada de conjuntivo condensa-se à volta do folículo para formar a teca folicular

As células granulosas continuam a dividir-se

As células da teca produzem androgénios e as granulosas convertem-nos em estrogénios

As células granulosas segregam uma glicoproteina que formam à volta do ovocito uma membrana e transparente, a zona pelucida

Constitui-se o antro folicular pela acumulação dum líquido transparente

Transformação em folículo maduro

O  antro continua a encher-se até isolar o ovocito num pedículo situado num pólo do folículo

Quando o folículo atinge as suas dimensões máximas (cerca de 2,5 cm de diâmetro), sobressai sobre a superficie externa e diz-se maduro

Ovulação

A parede do ovário rompe-se no sítio em que o ovocito faz saliência

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ovulation.jpg

Fotografia da ovulação

Em cada ciclo amadurecem vários folículos mas normalmente só um, o folículo dominante estará maduro quando surge o estimulo da ovulação (LH)

Os outros folículos maduros (folículos atresicos) degeneram

Quando é expulso mais que um ovocito maduro surge uma gravidez múltipla

http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/oogIC.html Formação do óvulo maduro e fecundação

http://www.endotext.org/female/female1/femaleframe1.htm

Reproduced with permission from www.endotex .org  the FREE online Endocrinology  textbook

cortesia de Leslie de Groot

Fase luteal

O  antro preenche-se de sangue que coagula e será reabsorvido

As células granulosas aumentam de volume e juntamente com as células da teca formam o corpo amarelo que segrega progesterona e alguns estrogénios

Se não houver gravidez 10 dias depois o corpo amarelo começa a degenerar ficando apenas uma cicatriz, o corpus albicans

Se houver gravidez o corpo amarelo persiste até que a placenta comece a funcionar

http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/illuspage/ifr/femalreproductivesystemppt2.htm

Cortesia de Roger Walker

http://www.luckymojo.com/faqs/altsex/vulva.html

Aparição do ciclo

Na infância os ovários segregam pequenas quantidades de estrogénios que inibem a libertação de Gn-RH

Com a puberdade o hipotálamo torna-se menos sensível aos estrogénios e começa a segregar Gn-RH ciclicamente, estimulando a secreção pela hipófise de FSH e LH

Durante cerca de quatro anos as gonadotrofinas segregadas não são suficientes para desencadear a ovulação

A partir de uma certa altura atingem-se os valores adequados e surge a primeira ovulação acompanhada da primeira menstruação (menarca)

No dia 1 do ciclo a Gn-RH estimula a secreção de FSH e LH

A FSH e LH desencadeiam a maturação do folículo

Quando o folículo cresce começa a segregar estrogénios

A LH estimula as células tecais a produzir androgénios que se difundem pela membrana basal para as células granulosas sensibilizadas pela FSH os transformar em estrogénios

A concentração crescente de estrogénios inibe a secreção hipofisaria de FSH e LH, inibição ampliada pela secreção de inibina pelas células foliculares, que inibe a FSH

Quando a concentração de estrogénios atinge um pico máximo, desencadeia-se uma libertação brusca de LH, o que se passa no meio do ciclo

A LH estimula a maturação dos ovocitos

O sangue deixa de circular na zona saliente do folículo, este rompe-se surgindo a ovulação

A LH transforma o folículo roto em corpo amarelo que produzirá testosterona e uma pequena quantidade de estrogénios, acarretando uma baixa de LH e FSH com a consequente falta de estimulação para a maturação de novos folículos

A diminuição gradual de LH faz cessar a estimulação do crescimento do corpo amarelo e este começa a degenerar com a paragem da secreção das hormonas ováricas e a vinda da menstruação

No fim do ciclo o nível das hormonas ováricas desce muito, permitindo uma nova estimulação da Gn-RH e o inicio de um novo ciclo

FGSH e LH no ciclo

http://www.paternityangel.com/Articles_zone/How_it_happens/How-1.htm

cortesia de paternityangel

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Reproductive_System

http://www.bioapuntes.cl/apuntes/ciclo_sexal_femenino.htm

Hormonas no ciclo ovarico

~

http://www.endotext.org/female/female3/femaleframe3.htm

Reproduced with permission from www.endotex .org  the FREE online Endocrinology  textbook

cortesia de Leslie de Groot

FECUNDAÇAO

http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/ferID.html

http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/illuspage/ifr/femalreproductivesystemppt2.ht Penetração do espermatozóide

Desenvolvimento embrionário

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Reproductive_System

http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/3ESO/apararep/parto.htm

 Desenvolvimento embrionário

http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/3ESO/apararep/parto.htm

 Blastula

http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/3ESO/apararep/parto.htm

 Nidação

http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/3ESO/apararep/parto.htm

- Placenta

Vídeo sobre fecundação

http://video.vulgaris-medical.com/index.php/2007/03/04/20-donner-la-vie

Vídeo sobre desenvolvimento embrionáro

http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/3ESO/apararep/parto.htm

INFERTILIDADE

Directorios

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html

http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/

Textos

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/basics/definition/con-20034770

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility

Causas

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/basics/causes/con-20034770

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165748.php

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Infertility/Pages/Causes.aspx

http://www.medicinenet.com/infertility/page2.htm

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a6020/major-causes-of-infertility-chart

Causas de infertilidade feminina

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/basics/causes/con-20033618

http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/female-infertility

https://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/Causefem.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility

http://www.hfea.gov.uk/infertility.html

Causas de infertilidade masculina

https://www.andrologyaustralia.org/your-health/male-infertility/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/basics/causes/con-20033113

http://www.webmd.com/men/features/male-infertility-treatments

https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/men/male-infertility

http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/male-infertility/

http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/infertility-in-men

https://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/causemal.htm

http://theturekclinic.com/services/male-fertility-infertility-doctor-treatments-issues-zero-sperm-count-male-doctors/

Infertilidade secundaria

http://www.resolve.org/about-infertility/medical-conditions/the-second-time-around-causes-and-treatments-of-secondary-infertility.html?referrer=https://www.google.pt/

http://www.resolve.org/about-infertility/medical-conditions/secondary-infertility.html

http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a563459/secondary-infertility-what-is-it

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/expert-answers/secondary-infertility/faq-20058272

http://www.bounty.com/getting-pregnant/problems-conceiving/infertility-and-assisted-pregnancy/secondary-infertility

http://www.whattoexpect.com/preconception/secondary-infertility-help.aspx

http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125960&page=1

Tratamento

http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/tc/fertility-problems-treatment-overview

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/basics/treatment/con-20034770

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infertility/Pages/Treatment.aspx

http://www.babycenter.com/0_fertility-treatment-getting-started_4089.bc

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/infertility/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments-women.aspx

http://patient.info/health/infertility-a-summary-of-treatments

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