Vitaminas

BIOTINA

Textos

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotina

http://www.eurekasante.fr/parapharmacie/complements-alimentaires/vitamine-b8-h-b7-biotine.html

http://altmedicine.about.com/cs/herbsvitaminsa1/a/Biotin.htm

http://www.infoescola.com/bioquimica/biotina/

http://nadafragil.com.br/biotina-o-que-e-e-para-que-serve/

http://emedix.uol.com.br/vit/vit022_1f_vitaminah.php

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?pfriendly=1&tname=nutrient&dbid=42

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/biotin/

Avidina

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_deficiency

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/6-signs-of-biotin-deficiency.html

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-h-biotin

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984803-overview

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/313.html

http://fetal-feto.blogspot.pt/2011/08/deficiencia-de-biotina.html

http://www.saudeemmovimento.com.br/conteudos/conteudo_frame.asp?cod_noticia=1234

Deficiencia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_deficiency

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/6-signs-of-biotin-deficiency.htm

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-h-biotin

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984803-overview

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/313.html

http://fetal-feto.blogspot.pt/2011/08/deficiencia-de-biotina.html

ACIDO PANTOTENICO

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/pa/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/853.html

http://www.worldshealthiestfoods.net/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=87

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/853.html

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-b5-pantothenic-acid

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/what-is-pantothenic-acid.html

http://www.zonadiet.com/nutricion/pantotenico.htm

http://emedix.uol.com.br/vit/vit021_1f_vitaminab5.php

http://www.enbuenasmanos.com/articulos/muestra.asp?art=1552

Analogos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthenol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantethine

http://aac.asm.org/content/49/11/4649.full

http://www.healthline.com/natstandardcontent/pantothenic-acid-dexpanthenol

Alimentos ricos em acido pantotenico

http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-high-in-pantothenic-acid-vitamin-B5.php

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/9-foods-rich-in-pantothenic-acid.html

Deficiencia

http://towncenterwellness.com/learning-center/vitamins-and-mineral-info/vitamin-b5-pantothenic-acid/

http://www.livestrong.com/article/426974-symptoms-of-pantothenic-acid-deficiency/

VITAMINA K

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminK/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002407.htm

http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/vitamink.html

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=112

http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/lifestyle-guide-11/supplement-guide-vitamin-k

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-k

http://www.betterbones.com/bonenutrition/vitamin-k/benefits.aspx

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219867.php

http://www.roche.pt/emagrecer/vitaminas/v_k.cfm

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2004/03/24/vitamin-k-part-two.aspx

Vitamina K2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K2

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/12/16/vitamin-k2.aspx

http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2008/mar2008_Protecting-Bone-And-Arterial-Health-With-Vitamin-K2_01.htm

http://www.musculacao.net/vitamina-k2-o-nutriente-esquecido/

http://www.emforma.net/4089-vitamina-k2

http://www.drrondo.com/vitamina-k2-o-nutriente-chave-para-a-saude/

Alimentos ricos em vitamina K

http://www.tuasaude.com/alimentos-fonte-de-vitamina-k/

http://www.emforma.net/3441-o-papel-d

http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/food-sources-of-vitamin-k.php

http://www.coumadin.com/pdf/vitaminK.pdf

Deficiencia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency

http://www.ctds.info/vitamink.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126354-overview

http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Vitamin-K-Deficiency.htm

Cumarina

http://www.cardiologiaecirurgiavascular.com/2011/02/varfarina-e-os-alimentos-ricos-em.htm

VITAMINA  E  ( Tocoferol)

Directorios

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamine.html

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminE/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocotrienol

http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002406.htm

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=111

http://umm.edu/Health/Medical/Ency/Articles/Vitamin-E

Alimentos ricos em vitamina E

http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/vitamin-E.php

http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/vitamin-e-foods/

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/10-vitamin-e-rich-foods.html

http://bembu.com/vitamin-e-foods

Deficiencia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E_deficiency

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126187-overview

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/4-symptoms-of-vitamin-e-deficiency.html

http://www.newsmax.com/FastFeatures/Vitamin-E-deficiency-vitamin/2010/11/12/id/370722

Deficiencia isolada em vitamina E

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_isolated_vitamin_E_deficiency

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1801469/?tool=pubmed

http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=783251

Suplementos de vitamina E em doenças

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-e/

Vitamina E no acne

http://www.livestrong.com/article/436961-vitamin-e-for-acne-prone-skin/

http://www.ehow.com/about_4614279_vitamin-e-good-acne.html

VITAMINA  D

Textos

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/vitamind.html

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminD/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002405.htm

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161618.php

http://www.roche.pt/emagrecer/vitaminas/v_d.cfm

http://products.mercola.com/vitamin-d-supplement/?utm_source=dnl&utm_medium=email&utm_content=dpe&utm_campaign=20161031Z1&et_cid=DM124353&et_rid=1733176033  
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/ss/slideshow-low-vitamin-d?ecd=wnl_spr_110519_REMAIL&ctr=wnl-spr-110519-REMAIL_nsl-LeadModule_cta&mb=0rQNPAhRhZ53i6uR0SRRNBJZpsk9%40mj5Z%40IA%2fWSej4M%3d

Calcidiol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcidiol

Colecalciferol ( Vitamina D₃

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecalciferol

File:VitaminDSynthesis WP1531.png

1. Jump up^

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-Hydroxyvitamin_D3_1-alpha-Hydroxylase

http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-6152-cholecalciferol+vitamin+D3+Oral.aspx?drugid=6152&drugname=cholecalciferol+(vitamin+D3)+Oral

http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/when-to-take-a-cholecalciferol-supplement.html

http://www.drugs.com/mtm/cholecalciferol.html

Gravidez

http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/cholecalciferol.html

Capitulo VIII

VINHA E VINHO

Vinha

Botânica

A vinha pertence à família das vitáceas

Esta família tem vários géneros  entre os quais a vitis

A vitis tem dois subgéneros – euvitis e muscadina

A euvitis divide-se em três troncos – americano, euroasiatico e asiático

O tronco euro-asiatico é representado exclusivamente pela espécie vitis vinífera, única espécie plantada na Europa

No tronco americano encontram-se varias espécies, podendo-se fazer vinho das vitis labrusca, riparia, estivalis, arizonica  e californica

A vitis vinífera tem muitas castas como Touriga, Arinto, Cabernet

7-deidrocolesterol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol_reductase

http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v130/n8/full/jid2010118a.htm

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/DHCR7

Alimentos ricos em vitamina D

http://www.tuasaude.com/alimentos-ricos-em-vitamina-d/

Deficiencia

http://www.patient.co.uk/health/vitamin-d-deficiency-including-osteomalacia-and-rickets-leaflet

http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/vitamin-d-deficiency

http://www.medicinenet.com/vitamin_d_deficiency/article.htm

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/vitamin-d-deficiency-beyond-the-basics

http://www.naturalnews.com/vitamin_D_deficiency.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/128762-overview

http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/4/1080S.full

http://saude.ig.com.br/bemestar/falta-de-vitamina-d-e-associada-a-12-doencas/n1597729039608.html

http://vitaminadbrasil.org/2013/02/23/10-sintomas-de-deficiencia-de-vitamina-d-que-voce-precisa-reconhecer/

http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/saude/2013/11/vitamina-d-conheca-as-doencas-provocadas-pela-carencia

Hipovitaminose D

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovitaminosis_D

http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/79/5/820.full

http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/3/860.long

http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/hghr/online/hypovitaminosis-d/

http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/39636/000558708.pdf?sequence=1

http://rihuc.huc.min-saude.pt/bitstream/10400.4/1443/1/Hipovitaminose.pdf

Osteoartrites

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/291799.php?tw

Osteomalacia

http://webosteoarticulares.blogspot.pt/2013/10/raquitismo-e-osteomalacia.html

http://textos-fisiopatologia.blogspot.pt/2013/07/fisiopatologia-dos-ossos.html

Raquitismo

http://webosteoarticulares.blogspot.pt/2013/10/raquitismo-e-osteomalacia.html

http://textos-fisiopatologia.blogspot.pt/2013/07/fisiopatologia-dos-ossos.html

Cancro

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308834.php

Coraçao

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/301825.php?tw

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/301869.php?tw

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308638.php

Depressao

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/12/01/sunlight-depression.aspx?utm_source=dnl&utm_medium=email&utm_content=art1&utm_campaign=20161201Z1&et_cid=DM127094&et_rid=1778422053   

Hipervitaminose D

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001594.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_D

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-d-toxicity/AN02008

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199204303261801

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/vitamin-d-toxicity/faq-20058108/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=houseca

VITAMINA C

Directorios

http://www.vitamincfoundation.org/

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid

http://www.vitamincfoundation.org/mega_1_1.html

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002404.htm

http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/the-benefits-of-vitamin-c

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid

http://www.roche.pt/emagrecer/vitaminas/v_c.cfm

Escorbuto

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy

http://www.seanet.com/~alexs/ascorbate/196x/stone-i-acta_genet_med_et_gemell-1966-v15-p345.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350-overview

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155758.php

http://www.monzy.com/scurvy/



Hemorragia periungutal

http://dermnetnz.org/systemic/scurvy.html

Efeito das megadoses

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-c/AN01801

Vitamina C  nos alimentos

http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/vitamin-C.php

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=109

http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/foods-high-in-vitamin-c/

http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-009101000000000000000-w.htm

ACIDO FOLICO

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/fa/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219853.php

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-b9-folic-acid

Nomenclatura do acido folico

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/folic.html

Absorção

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573592/

http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2012/november/1102.pdf

http://www.wikihow.com/Best-Absorb-Folic-Acid

Metabolismo do acido fólico

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/misc/folate1.html

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/misc/folate2.html

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/misc/folate3.html

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/misc/folate5.html

http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/path/innes/nh/cobalmin.cfm

Deficiencia em acido folico

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/200184-overview

http://www.patient.co.uk/health/folic-acid-deficiency-anaemia

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002408.htm

http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/

Acido fólico na gravidez

http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Folate_for_women?OpenDocument

http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/your_pregnancy/preg_folic_acid.html

http://www.patient.co.uk/medicine/folic-acid

http://www.webmd.com/baby/folic-acid-and-pregnancy

http://www.babycenter.com/0_folic-acid-why-you-need-it-before-and-during-pregnancy_476.bc

VITAMINA B12

Textos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002403.htm

http://www.webmd.com/diet/vitamin-b12-15239

http://www.tuasaude.com/vitamina-b12-cobalamina/

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=107

http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/ART02810/facts-about-vitamin

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/ss/slideshow-signs-lack-vitamin-b12?ecd=wnl_spr_080119&ctr=wnl-spr-080119_nsl-LeadModule_cta&mb=0rQNPAhRhZ53i6uR0SRRNBJZpsk9%40mj5Z%40IA%2fWSej4M%3d~
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/ss/slideshow-signs-lack-vitamin-b12?ecd=wnl_spr_080119&ctr=wnl-spr-080119_nsl-LeadModule_cta&mb=0rQNPAhRhZ53i6uR0SRRNBJZpsk9%40mj5Z%40IA%2fWSej4M%3d~

Alimentos ricos em B12

http://www.tuasaude.com/alimentos-ricos-em-vitamina-b12/ 

http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-high-in-vitamin-B12.php

Vegetarianos

http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/vitaminb12

Deficiencia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency             

http://www.patient.co.uk/health/vitamin-b12-deficiency-anaemia

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172774.php

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/DS00325

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000574.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency/Pages/Introduction.aspx

Anemia perniciosa

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000569.htm

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/

http://www.medicinenet.com/pernicious_anemia/article.htm

http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Pernicious-Anaemia-and-B12-Deficiency.htm

Anemia perniciosa autoimune

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia

http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/anemia-pernicious/

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anaemia-vitamin-B12-and-folate-deficiency/Pages/Causes.asp

Suplementos

http://products.mercola.com/vitamin-b12-spray/

VITAMINA B6 ( Piridoxina)

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminB6/

http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/vitamin-B6-pyridoxine.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxamine

http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682587.html

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219662.php

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-b6/NS_patient-b6

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pellagra?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=MNT%20Daily%20News&utm_content=2020-03-21&utm_country=&utm_hcp=&apid=28082984#symptoms

Deficiencia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxine_deficiency

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/124947-overview

http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp

Epilepsia piridoxina dependente

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/pyridoxine-dependent-epilepsy

Suplementos

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-b6-pyridoxine

http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-5427-pyridoxine+oral.aspx?drugid=5427&drugname=pyridoxine+oral

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR601177

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/934.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/pyridoxine_vitamin_b6/supplements-vitamins.htm

Efeitos secundarios

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-b6/NS_patient-b6/DSECTION=safety

VITAMINA B2 ( riboflavina)

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/riboflavin/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin

http://www.healthy.net/scr/article.aspx?Id=1927

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-b2-riboflavin

http://www.springboard4health.com/notebook/v_b2.html

Vitamina B2 nos alimentos

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=93

http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-high-in-riboflavin-vitamin-B2.php

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219561.php

Deficiencia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariboflavinosis

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125193-overview

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/medical/vitamin_b2_deficiency.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/957.html

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002411.htm

http://www.healthline.com/natstandardcontent/riboflavin

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=93

http://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=defici%C3%AAncia+de+riboflavina&lang=3

Enxaquecas

http://www.neurology.org/content/50/2/466.abstract

http://www.thehealthierlife.co.uk/natural-health-articles/migraine-headache/riboflavin-defend-against-migraine-00575/

Suplementos

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR601201

http://www.eatingwell.com/nutrition_health/nutrient_library/riboflavin

http://www.drugs.com/mtm/riboflavin.html

VITAMINA B1(tiamina)

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/thiamin/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/965.html

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002401.htm

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-b1-thiamine

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/116930-overview

Causas de deficiência em tiamina

http://www.stewartnutrition.co.uk/nutritional_emergencies/acute_thiamine_deficiency.html

http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201204/nutritional-brain-bomb-thiamine-deficiency

Alimentos ricos em tiamina

http://www.weightlossforall.com/foods-rich-vitamin-B1.htm

http://www.hoptechno.com/book29g.htm

http://whfoods.org/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=100&utm_source=bulletin_click&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=bulletin_email

Beriberi

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000339.htm

http://kobiljak.msu.edu/CAI/Pathology/Toxic_F/Toxic_4b.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984721-overview

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriberi

http://www.healthline.com/health/beriberi

http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Beriberi.htm

http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional_disorders/vitamin_deficiency_dependency_and_toxicity/thiamin.html?qt=&sc=&alt=

http://www.moondragon.org/health/disorders/beriberi.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/116930-overview

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219545.php

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-b1/NS_patient-thiamin/DSECTION=dosing

http://www.springboard4health.com/notebook/Beriv_b1.html

Beriberi e alcoolismo cronico

http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-2/13

The thiamine–dependent enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and a–ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α–KGDH) participate in the metabolism of glucose through two biochemical reactions, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The main function of these two sets of reactions is to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides energy for the cells. Reduced PDH and α–KGDH activity resulting from thiamine deficiency can lead to less ATP synthesis, which in turn can contribute to cell damage and even cell death. In addition, PDH is needed to produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and to generate myelin, a compound that forms a sheath around the extensions (i.e., axons) of many neurons, thereby ensuring proper neuronal functioning. The citric acid cycle and α–KGDH play a role in maintaining the levels of the neurotransmitters glutamate, gamma–aminobutyric acid (GABA), and aspartate, as well as in protein synthesis.


Nefropatia diabetica

http://www.dietaryfiberfood.com/antioxidants/vitamin-b1-thiamine-diabetes.php

Suplementos

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=100

 VITAMINA A E CAROTENO

VITAMINA A

Textos

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminA/

http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5551.html

http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002400.htm

Estrutura

http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/vitamina.html

Retinol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol

Teor nos alimentos

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=106

http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5551.html

Vitamina A em doenças

http://www.pccnaturalmarkets.com/health/nutritional-supplement/vitamin-a/~default

http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/

http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Bone_Health/Nutrition/vitamin_a.asp

Acido all-trans retinoico

http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/all-transretinoic-acid.aspx#.UiMi1DZdbIU

http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v20/n49/full/1204763a.html

http://www.sabiosciences.com/pathway.php?sn=Retinoic_Acid_Mediated_Apoptosis

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-72992008000100009&script=sci_arttext

Deficiencia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126004-overview

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/v/vitamin_a_deficiency/intro.htm

http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/vad/en/

http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Vitamin-A-Deficiency.htm

Toxicidade

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/c/chronic_vitamin_a_toxicity/intro.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/819426-overview

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_poisoning

Hipervitaminose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A

CAROTENOS

Carotenoides

http://www.carotenoidsociety.org/

http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/food-nutrition/vitamin-supplements/what-are-carotenoids.htm

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/carotenoids/

Nomenclatura

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/carot/

Astaxantina

http://www.carotenoidsociety.org/

Carotenos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotene

Beta- caroteno

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/999.html

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/carotene/beta-carotene_home.html

  

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/252758.php

http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/betacarotene